Barnaul
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Barnaul (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".) is the largest city and administrative centre of Altai Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Barnaulka and Ob rivers in the West Siberian Plain. As of the 2021 census, its population was 630,877,[1] making it the 20th-largest city in Russia and the fourth-largest in the Siberian Federal District.[citation needed]
Located in the south of western Siberia on the left bank of the Ob River, Barnaul is a major transport, industrial, cultural, medical and educational hub of Siberia. Barnaul was founded by the wealthy Demidov family, who intended to develop the production of copper and silver, which continued after the factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became a major centre of silver production in Russia. Barnaul was granted city status in 1771.
Administrative and municipal status
Barnaul is the administrative centre of the krai.[2] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the work settlement of Yuzhny and twenty-four rural localities, incorporated as the city of krai significance of Barnaul – an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[3] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as Barnaul Urban Okrug.[4]
Geography
Barnaul is located in the forest steppe zone of the West Siberian Plain, on the left bank of the Ob River, at its confluence with the Barnaulka.
The border with Kazakhstan is 345 km (210 mi) to the south, which makes Barnaul the closest major city to the Altai Mountains. The city is also situated relatively close to the Russian border with Mongolia and the border with China.
History
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Ancient history
The area around the city has been inhabited by modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans, for hundreds of thousands of years. They settled here to take advantage of the confluence of the rivers, used for transportation and fishing. In the late BC millennia, the locality was a centre of activity for Scythian and various Turkic peoples.[5]
Russian Empire
While 1730 is considered Barnaul's official establishment date, its first mention dates back to 1724.[6] It was granted city status in 1771.[7] Chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, it was founded by the wealthy Demidov family.[7] The Demidovs wanted to develop the copper in the mountains, and soon found substantial deposits of silver as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became the centre of silver production of the Russian Empire.[8]
In 1914, Barnaul was the site of the largest conscription riot in Russia during World War I. There were more than 100 casualties from the fighting.[9]
Mary 'Marie' 'Maria' Stepanovna Zudilova Tatuloff Zacharenko Gurdin (1908–1998) was reputedly born in this city.[10] She later became the mother of American actresses Natalie and Lana Wood. Her father Stepan was reputedly killed in the 1918 street fighting between the Whites and Reds following the Revolution. Afterward her mother took Mary and her siblings as refugees to Harbin, China. Mary married Alexander Tatuloff there in 1925, and they had a daughter Olga together. Mary eventually immigrated to the United States, where she divorced Alexander in 1936 and later married Nicholas Zacharenko, from Ussuriysk, and had two daughters with him.[citation needed]
World War II
Over half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Union in World War II is estimated to have been manufactured in Barnaul.[11]
Recent history
In 2012, when residents of Barnaul were denied a permit for a street protest, they ingeniously circumvented the restriction by staging a demonstration with toys such as teddy bears, Lego figures, and toy soldiers holding signs denouncing electoral corruption. The photos of these rebellious figurines quickly spread across Russia, prompting others to replicate the protest. Faced with an awkward dilemma, Putin's government decided to ban the toy protests, asserting that toys, not being Russian citizens, were ineligible to participate in public gatherings, as explained by a government official.[12]
Demographics
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| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 21,073 | — |
| 1926 | 73,206 | +247.4% |
| 1939 | 148,162 | +102.4% |
| 1959 | 305,046 | +105.9% |
| 1970 | 439,134 | +44.0% |
| 1979 | 533,263 | +21.4% |
| 1989 | 601,811 | +12.9% |
| 2002 | 600,749 | −0.2% |
| 2010 | 612,401 | +1.9% |
| 2021 | 630,877 | +3.0% |
| Source: Russian Census | ||
As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Barnaul was:[13]
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Russians | 492,285 | 95.9% |
| Tajiks | 2,701 | 0.5% |
| Germans | 2,644 | 0.5% |
| Ukrainians | 1,759 | 0.3% |
| Armenians | 1,668 | 0.3% |
| Other Ethnicities | 12,398 | 2.4% |
Economy
Barnaul is an important industrial centre of Western Siberia. There are more than 100 industrial enterprises in the city, employing approximately 120,000 people. Leading industries include diesel and carbon processing; as well as production of heavy machinery, tyres, furniture and footwear.[14] The Barnaul Cartridge Plant, a major manufacturer of small-arms ammunition, is located in the city.
Transportation
Barnaul is located on the South Siberian, Turk–Sib and Omsk–Barnaul railway lines.[15]
Barnaul has public transport of buses, minibuses, trolleybuses, trams and taxies. Intercity bus routes are operate to Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Biysk, Rubtsovsk and other cities. Also there are bus routes to Kazakhstan cities Oskemen, Pavlodar.
Barnaul International Airport is located 16 kilometres west of the city center. It is served by airlines such as Aeroflot, S7, Nordwind, Iraero and Ural Airlines. It has regular flights to Moscow, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Surgut etc.
Climate
The humid continental climate of Barnaul (Köppen Dfb) is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian forest steppe: it is subject to long winters, with an average of −15.5 °C (4.1 °F) in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average temperature of 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from below −45 °C (−49 °F) in the winter to above 35 °C (95 °F) in the summer.
The climate is relatively dry. The average precipitation in the area is 433 mm (17.0 in) per year, 75% of which occurs during the region's warmer season. This means snow packs can be quite moderate in spite of the cold temperatures.
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Notable people
- Alexander von Bunge, botanist, worked in Barnaul
- Maria Butina, alleged agent of Russia, and member of the State Duma
- Aleksey Chuklin, racing driver
- Yakov Erlikh, is a Russian professional football player
- Pyotr Kozmitch Frolov, scientist and inventor
- Valery Kopytov, serial killer
- Tatyana Kotova, Olympic champion in long jump
- Kirill Marchenko, NHL professional ice hockey player
- Julia Neigel, singer, songwriter
- Ivan Nifontov, World champion and Olympic medalist in Judo
- Alexey Novikov-Priboy, writer
- Ivan Polzunov, inventor, creator of the first two-cylinder engine in the world
- Anastasiia Salos, European and world medalist rhythmic gymnast
- Konstantin Scherbakov, pianist
- Sergey Shubenkov, track and field athlete, 2015 world champion[18]
- Nadezhda Shuvayeva-Olkhova, Olympic champion in basketball
- Alexey Smertin, former captain of the Russia national football team
- Rita Streich, coloratura soprano
- Andrei Svechnikov, professional NHL ice hockey player
- Evgeny Svechnikov, professional NHL and KHL ice hockey player
- Nikolai Yadrintsev, explorer and archeologist, discoveries include the Orkhon script, Genghis Khan's capital, Karakorum
- Mikhail Yakubov, NHL and KHL professional ice hockey player
- Mikhail Yevdokimov, comedian and former governor of Altai Krai
- Maxim Zimin, racing driver
- Maria Zudilova, mother of Natalie Wood
Twin towns – sister cities
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- Template:Flagicon Baicheng, China
- Template:Flagicon Changji, China
- Template:Flagicon Flagstaff, United States
- Template:Flagicon Öskemen, Kazakhstan
- Template:Flagicon Shumen, Bulgaria
See also
- Nagorny Park
- Tsentralny City District, Barnaul
- Timeline of Barnaul
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Charter of Altai Krai, Article 6
- ^ Law #28-ZS
- ^ Law #144-ZS
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Minns, Ellis Hovell (13 January 2011). Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02487-7. Retrieved 1 January 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Charter of Barnaul, Article 4
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. pp. 36–38. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Пятые Бородавкинские чтения". new.hist.asu.ru. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ Sanborn, Josh. "The Mobilization of 1917 and the Question of the Russian Nation." Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 2: pp. 267-89.
- ^ Tatuloff, Alexander (17 September 1934). Declaration of Intention, no. 89199. U.S. District Court Naturalization Index, 1852–1989.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Барнаульские патроны". Archived from the original on 15 January 2000.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.VanHise, James L. (21 September 2021). "Dilemma Actions: The Power of Putting your Opponent in a Bind". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Национальный состав населения". Rosstat. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Власть". Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Barnaul". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Weather And Climate – Climate Barnaul" (in русский). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Climate Normals for Barnaul". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Сергей Шубенков выиграл "золото" на Чемпионате мира по лёгкой атлетике в Пекине". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."США, Испания и Китай: в каких еще странах у Барнаула есть города-побратимы?". tolknews.ru (in русский). Tolk. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Град Шумен – Как да ни намерите". tourism-shumen.com (in български). Tourism Shumen. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
Sources
- Template:RussiaBasicLawRef/alt/barnaul
- Script error: No such module "Lang". (Altai Krai Legislative Assembly. #3-ZS June 5, 1995 Charter (Basic Law) of Altai Krai, as amended by the Law #118-ZS of December 1, 2015 On Amending the Charter (Basic Law) of Altai Krai. ).
- Script error: No such module "Lang". (Altai Krai Council of People's Deputies. Law #28-ZS of March 1, 2008 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Altai Krai, as amended by the Law #16-ZS of April 4, 2017 On Merging the Station of Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 572 km into the Settlement of Oktyabrsky in Oktyabrsky Selsoviet of Kulundinsky District of Altai Krai and on Amending Various Laws of Altai Krai. Effective as of March 8, 2008.).
- Script error: No such module "Lang". (Altai Krai Legislative Assembly. Law #144-ZS of December 27, 2008 On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal and the Administrative-Territorial Formation of the City of Barnaul of Altai Krai, as amended by the Law #44-ZS of July 2, 2009 On Amending Appendix 1 of the Law of Altai Krai "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal and the Administrative-Territorial Formation of the City of Barnaul of Altai Krai". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the day of the official publication.).
External links
- Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". [[voy:Barnaul#Template:Wikidata|Barnaul]] travel guide from Wikivoyage
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- Official website of Barnaul Template:In lang
- Directory of organizations in Barnaul Template:In lang
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