Belgrade Formation

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Belgrade Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Oligocene (Chattian) to Early Miocene (Aquitanian)
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TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsPollocksville Member, Haywood Landing Member
UnderliesDuplin Formation
OverliesRiver Bend Formation[1]
Lithology
PrimaryLimestone sand
OtherClay
Location
RegionNorth Carolina
CountryUnited States
Type section
Named forBelgrade, North Carolina

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The Belgrade Formation is a limestone geologic formation in North Carolina characterized by limestone coquina mixed with sand, and thinly laminated clays.[2] It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

Description

The Belgrade Formation is composed of two subunits: the Pollocksville member and the Haywood Landing member. The Pollocksville member is composed of unconsolidated oyster shells and sand. It was deposited in the Oligocene and early Miocene. The Haywood Landing member is composed of shelly sands and thinly laminated clays. The Belgrade Formation was originally considered part of an Eocene formation called the Trent Marl before it was identified as being deposited in the Miocene and split off.[2]

Strontium isotope dating suggests that the marine invertebrates in the formation primarily originate from an older Late Oligocene-aged facies, while the vertebrates (including the land mammals and sharks) date to a younger, earliest Miocene-aged facies.[3]

Fossil content

Mammals

A small but diverse land mammal fauna is known from the formation.[3]

Rodents

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
cf. Palaeocastor cf. P. sp. Jones County[3] A castorid. File:Palaeocastor BW cropped.png

Lagomorphs

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
cf. Megalagus cf. M. sp. Jones County[3] A leporid.

Carnivorans

Carnivorans
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Amphictis A. cf. timucua Jones County.[3][4] A right mandible (NCSM 33670).[4] An ailurid. File:Amphictis antiqua 2.jpg
Craterogale C. cf. simus Jones County[3] A mustelid.

Perissodactyls

Perissodactyls
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
cf. Anchitherium cf. A. sp. An equid. File:(MHNT) Anchitherium aurelianense - Mandibule complète (Cuvier, 1825).jpg
Archaeohippus A. blackbergi An equid. File:Archaeohippus.jpg
cf. Menoceras cf. M. barbouri A rhinoceros. File:Menoceras NT small.jpg
Nexuotapirus N. marslandensis A tapir. File:Protapirus robustus.jpg

Artiodactyls

Artiodactyls
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Arretotherium A. cf. fricki An anthracotheriid.
Daeodon D. shoshonensis An entelodont. File:Daeodon shoshonensis .png
Hesperhyinae indet. A peccary of uncertain affinities.
Paratoceras P. wardi A protoceratid. File:Paratoceras tedfordi.jpg
Cetaceans
Cetaceans
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Albertocetus A. meffordorum Isolated right petrosal (USNM 559392).[5][6] A xenorophid.
File:Albertocetus reconstruction outline.jpg
Ankylorhiza A. tiedemani CCNHM 6045 (a well preserved 10th lower postcanine).[6] An odontocete.
File:Ankylorhiza tiedemani life reconstruction by PaleoGeek.png
A. sp. CCNHM 5554 (an isolated postcanine) and CCNHM 5465 (a partial bulla).[6] An odontocete.
File:Ankylorhiza.jpg
Cotylocara cf. C. sp. CCNHM 4277 (a partial left bulla)".[6] A xenorophid.
File:Cotylocara.jpg
Echovenator E. sp. A fragmentary petrosal.[5] A xenorophid.
cf. E. Partial tympanic bullae.[6] A xenorophid, possibly the same taxon as Echovenator sp.[6]
Eomysticetidae Eomysticetidae indet. CCNHM 1831 and CCNHM 1821, both are right tympanic bullae.[6] An indeterminate species most similar to (but sti differing from) Eomysticetus whitmorei.
cf. Eoplatanista cf. E. sp. "CCNHM 4276 (a partial right tympanic bulla)".[6]
Eurhinodelphinidae Eurhinodelphinidae indet. CCNHM 1828 (a partial right periotic) and CCNHM 4274 (a partial left tympanic bulla).[6] "Compares favorably with Xiphiacetus cristatus and Eurhinodelphis cocheteuxi".[6]
?Kentriodontidae ?Kentriodontidae indet. "CCNHM 4275 (a partial bulla)".[6]
Odontocete Indeterminate Belgrade Quarry.[5] CCNHM 1903 (an isolated tooth).[6] Indeterminate toothed whale remains, may represent a squalodelphinid or kentriodontid.
cf. Physeteroidea cf. Physeteroidea indet. "CCNHM 1904 (a partial tooth)".[6] May represent a juvenile physeteroid tooth.
Squalodelphinidae Squalodelphinidae indet. 3 right periotics and 3 right tympanic bullae.[6]
cf. Squalodon cf. S. sp. A periotic and multiple teeth.[6] A squalodontid.
File:Squalodon BW.jpg
Waipatiidae Waipatiidae indet. "CCNHM 1354 (a posterior lower molar)".[6]
Xenorophidae Xenorophidae indet. "CCNHM 1833 (a partial right squamosal)".[6] "Falls within the size range of Albertocetus, Echovenator, and Inermorostrum."[6]
Xenorophus X. sp. CCNHM 1826 (a partial postcanine) and CCNHM 1187 (a partial tympanic bulla).[6] A xenorophid, may represent X. sloanii.

Sirenians

Sirenians
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Crenatosiren C. olseni Onslow Beach.[6] Skull caps.[6] An early dugongid.
Sirenia Sirenia indet. "CCNHM 1906 (a partial rib fragment)".[6] "Approximately twice the diameter of ribs of Crenatosiren olseni, potentially representing a larger dugongid like Dioplotherium,

Stegosiren, or Priscosiren".[6]

Reptiles

Reptiles
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Chelonioidea Belgrade Quarry.[5] Indeterminate sea turtle remains.
Crocodilia Belgrade Quarry.[5] Indeterminate crocodilian remains.

Fish

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Chondrichthyes
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Anoxypristis A. sp. Belgrade Quarry.[5] A sawfish.
File:AnoxypristisCuspidataCSIRO.jpg
Carcharhinus Belgrade Quarry.[5]
Carcharias C. sp. Belgrade Quarry.[5] A sand shark.
Carcharocles C. angustidens Belgrade Quarry.[5] A megatooth shark, now reassigned to the genus Otodus.
Galeocerdo G. casei or mayumbensis Belgrade Quarry.[5] A tiger shark.
Ginglymostoma G. delfortriei [7] A nurse shark.
Hemipristis H. serra Belgrade Quarry.[5] A snaggletooth shark.
File:Hemipristis serra teeth.jpg
Myliobatis M. sp. Belgrade Quarry.[5] An eagle ray.
File:Fish4341 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Nebrius or Ginglymostoma Belgrade Quarry.[5] A nurse shark.
Negaprion Belgrade Quarry.[5] A lemon shark.
File:Lemonshark (2).jpg
Notorynchus N. primigenius Belgrade Quarry.[5] A cow shark.
Odontaspis O. sp. Belgrade Quarry.[5] A sand shark.
Otodus O. angustidens Belgrade Quarry.[5] A megatooth shark.
File:4-25 Angustidens.jpg
Plinthicus P. stenodon Belgrade Quarry.[5] An extinct ray.
Physogaleus P. aduncas Belgrade Quarry.[5] A ground shark.
Rhinoptera R. sp. Belgrade Quarry.[5] A cownose ray.
File:Rhinoptera steindachneri.jpg
Squatina S. sp. Belgrade Quarry.[5] An angelshark.
File:Squatina dumeril nefsc.jpg
Osteichthyes
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Lagodon L. sp. Belgrade Quarry.[5] A pinfish.
File:Pinfish1.JPG

Invertebrates

Molluscs
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Crassostrea C. gigantissima Upper finer grained unit, Pollocksville Member.[2][5] An oyster.

See also

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References

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ward, L. W.; Lawrence, D. R.; Blackwelder, B. W. (1978). "Stratigraphic revision of the middle Eocene, Oligocene, and lower Miocene; Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina". Bulletin. doi:10.3133/b1457F.
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ward, Lauck W.; Lawrence, David R.; Blackwelder, Blake W. (1979). "Stratigraphic revision of the middle Eocene, Oligocene, and lower Miocene; Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1457-F: 3–10. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.MacFadden, Bruce J.; Bohaska, David J.; Cone, Lee; Killingsworth, Stephanie R.; Zbinden, Samantha P.; Pirlo, Jeanette; Moran, Sean M.; Baskin, Jon; Perez, Victor J. (2025). "Early Miocene land mammals and chronology of the Belgrade Formation, eastern North Carolina". Journal of Paleontology. 99 (1): 241–261. doi:10.1017/jpa.2024.68. ISSN 0022-3360.
  4. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Baskin, Jon; Dickinson, Edward; Hartstone-Rose, Adam (2020-07-08). "?Amphictis (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Belgrade Formation of North Carolina, USA". PeerJ. 8: e9284. doi:10.7287/peerj.9284v0.1/reviews/2. PMC 7353912. PMID 32714653.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Boessenecker, Robert W.; Ahmed, Erum; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2017-11-08). "New records of the dolphin Albertocetus meffordorum (Odontoceti: Xenorophidae) from the lower Oligocene of South Carolina: Encephalization, sensory anatomy, postcranial morphology, and ontogeny of early odontocetes". PLOS ONE. 12 (11) e0186476. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1286476B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186476. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5695589. PMID 29117197.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Boessenecker, Robert W. (2022-09-03). "Oligocene-Miocene marine mammals from Belgrade Quarry, North Carolina". Geobios. 74: 1–19. Bibcode:2022Geobi..74....1B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2022.08.002. ISSN 0016-6995. S2CID 252077178.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica". www.app.pan.pl. Retrieved 2022-09-06.

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