Berta language

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Berta
Gebeto
Native toSudan and Ethiopia
RegionBenishangul-Gumuz
EthnicityBerta people, Wetawit
Native speakers
380,000 all Berta languages (2006–2007)Template:Ethnologue25 does not exist
100,000 monolinguals in Ethiopia[1]
Dialects
  • Shuru
  • Bake
  • Undu
  • Mayu
  • Fadashi
  • Dabuso
  • Beleje Gonfoye
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3wti (all Berta languages)
Glottologbert1248
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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Berta a.k.a. Gebeto, is a Berta language spoken by the Berta people (also Bertha, Barta, Burta) in Sudan and Ethiopia. As of 2006 Berta had approximately 180,000 speakers in Sudan.[2] The three Berta languages, Gebeto, Fadashi and Undu, are often considered dialects of a single language. Berta proper includes the dialects Bake, Dabuso, Gebeto, Mayu, and Shuru; the dialect name Gebeto may be extended to all of Berta proper.[3]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop voiced b d ɟ g
ejective pʼ tʼ (cʼ) kʼ (ʔ)
implosive ɗ
Fricative voiceless f θ s ʃ h
ejective sʼ
Nasal m n (ɲ) ŋ
Rhotic r
Lateral l
Approximant j w
  • Voiced plosives Script error: No such module "IPA". may be heard as voiceless Script error: No such module "IPA". in free variation, word-initially or word-finally.
  • A glottal stop Script error: No such module "IPA". mainly occurs between vowels, and may also be heard before word-initial vowel sounds.
  • Nasal-stop sequences may occur morpheme-initially as Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". is heard as Script error: No such module "IPA". when preceding a front vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". is heard as a palatal Script error: No such module "IPA". when before front vowels.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". can be heard as voiced palatal Script error: No such module "IPA". or as a voiceless palatal [c] when before front vowels.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". in word-final position can be heard as a fricative [x].
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". may sometimes occur as slightly voiced Script error: No such module "IPA". in vocalic or nasal environments.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i Script error: No such module "IPA". u Script error: No such module "IPA".
Mid ɛ Script error: No such module "IPA". ɔ Script error: No such module "IPA".
Open a Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • If a non-closed vowel sound, Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"., are adjacent to a closed vowel sound like Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". within vowel harmony, they are then heard as more closed Script error: No such module "IPA"..[4]
Phoneme Allophone
Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., [ɪ]
Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA"., [ə], [æ], [ɜ], [ɐ]
Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA"., [ʉ], [ʊ]

Pronouns

The pronouns of Berta are as follows:

Topic Postverbal subject Postverbal object
I Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
you (sg.) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
he, she, it Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
we Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
you (pl.) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
they Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".

See also

References

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  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference e25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Berta". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  3. ^ Bremer, Nate D. 2016. A Sociolinguistic Survey of Six Berta Speech Varieties in Ethiopia. SIL Electronic Survey Report 2016-007. Addis Ababa: SIL International.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Neudorf, Susanne (2016). Phonology of Berta. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

Bibliography

  • Torben Andersen. "Aspects of Berta phonology". Afrika und Übersee 76: pp. 41–80.
  • Torben Andersen. "Absolutive and Nominative in Berta". ed. Nicolai & Rottland, Fifth Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium. Nice, 24–29 August 1992. Proceedings. (Nilo-Saharan 10). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. 1995. pp. 36–49.
  • M. Lionel Bender. "Berta Lexicon". In Bender (ed.), Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics (Nilo-Saharan 3), pp. 271–304. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag 1989.
  • E. Cerulli. "Three Berta dialects in western Ethiopia", Africa, 1947.
  • Susanne Neudorf & Andreas Neudorf: Bertha - English - Amharic Dictionary. Addis Ababa: Benishangul-Gumuz Language Development Project 2007.
  • A. N. Tucker & M. A. Bryan. Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. London: Oxford University Press 1966.
  • A. Triulzi, A. A. Dafallah, and M. L. Bender. "Berta". In Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. East Lansing, Michigan: African Studies Center, Michigan State University 1976, pp. 513–532.

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