Bigtable

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Google Bigtable
[[Programmer|DeveloperTemplate:Pluralize from text]]Google
Initial releaseFebruary 2005; 21 years ago (2005-02)
Template:Infobox software/simple
Written inPage Template:Hlist/styles.css has no content.
C++ (core), Java, Python, Go, Ruby
PlatformGoogle Cloud Platform
TypeCloud Storage
LicenseProprietary
Websitecloud.google.com/bigtable/

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Bigtable is a fully managed wide-column and key-value NoSQL database service for large analytical and operational workloads as part of the Google Cloud portfolio.

History

Bigtable development began in 2004.[1] It is now used by a number of Google applications, such as Google Analytics,[2] web indexing,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. MapReduce, which is often used for generating and modifying data stored in Bigtable,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Google Maps,[3] Google Books search, "My Search History", Google Earth, Blogger.com, Google Code hosting, YouTube,[4] and Gmail.[5] Google's reasons for developing its own database include scalability and better control of performance characteristics.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Apache HBase and Cassandra are some of the best known open source projects that were modeled after Bigtable. Bigtable offers HBase and Cassandra compatible APIs.

On May 6, 2015, a public version of Bigtable was made available as a part of Google Cloud under the name Cloud Bigtable.[2]

As of April 2024, Bigtable manages over 10 Exabytes of data and serves more than 7 billion requests per second.[6] Since its launch, Google announced a number of updates to Bigtable, including SQL support, incremental materialized views, global secondary indexes and automated scalability.[7]

Design

Bigtable is one of the prototypical examples of a wide-column store. It maps two arbitrary string values (row key and column key) and timestamp (hence three-dimensional mapping) into an associated arbitrary byte array. It is not a relational database and can be better defined as a sparse, distributed multi-dimensional sorted map.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Template:Rp It is built on Colossus (Google File System), Chubby Lock Service, SSTable (log-structured storage like LevelDB) and a few other Google technologies. Bigtable is designed to scale into the petabyte range across "hundreds or thousands of machines, and to make it easy to add more machines [to] the system and automatically start taking advantage of those resources without any reconfiguration".[8] For example, Google's copy of the web can be stored in a bigtable where the row key is a domain-reversed URL, and columns describe various properties of a web page, with one particular column holding the page itself. The page column can have several timestamped versions describing different copies of the web page timestamped by when they were fetched. Each cell of a bigtable can have zero or more timestamped versions of the data. Another function of the timestamp is to allow for both versioning and garbage collection of expired data.

Tables are split into multiple tablets – segments of the table are split at certain row keys so that each tablet is a few hundred megabytes or a few gigabytes in size. A bigtable is somewhat like a mapreduce worker pool in that thousands to hundreds of thousands of tablet shards may be served by hundreds to thousands of BigTable servers. When Table size threaten to grow beyond a specified limit, the tablets may be compressed using the algorithm BMDiff[9][10] and the Zippy compression algorithm[11] publicly known and open-sourced as Snappy,[12] which is a less space-optimal variation of LZ77 but more efficient in terms of computing time. The locations in the GFS of tablets are recorded as database entries in multiple special tablets, which are called "META1" tablets. META1 tablets are found by querying the single "META0" tablet, which typically resides on a server of its own since it is often queried by clients as to the location of the "META1" tablet which itself has the answer to the question of where the actual data is located. Like GFS's master server, the META0 server is not generally a bottleneck since the processor time and bandwidth necessary to discover and transmit META1 locations is minimal and clients aggressively cache locations to minimize queries.

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hitchcock, Andrew (2005). "Google's Bigtable". Retrieved 29 July 2007. First an overview. Bigtable has been in development since early 2004 and has been in active use for about eight months (about February 2005).
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Announcing Google Cloud Bigtable: The same database that powers Google Search, Gmail and Analytics is now available on Google Cloud Platform". Google Blog. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hitchcock, Andrew (2005). "Google's Bigtable". Retrieved 29 July 2007. There are currently around 100 cells for services such as Print, Search History, Maps, and Orkut.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cordes, Kyle (12 July 2007). "YouTube Scalability Talk". Their new solution for thumbnails is to use Google's Bigtable, which provides high performance for a large number of rows, fault tolerance, caching, etc. This is a nice (and rare?) example of actual synergy in an acquisition.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."How Entities and Indexes are Stored", Google App Engine, Google Code, archived from the original on 7 January 2012, retrieved 17 April 2014.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Celebrating 20 years of Bigtable with exciting announcements at Next". Google Cloud Blog. 11 April 2024.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kerner, Sean Michael (27 January 2022). "Google scales up Cloud Bigtable NoSQL database". TechTarget. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Google File System and Bigtable", Radar (World Wide Web log), Database War Stories, O'Reilly, May 2006.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Google Bigtable, Compression, Zippy and BMDiff". 12 October 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2015..
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bentley, Jon; McIlroy, Douglas (1999). Data compression using long common strings. DCC '99: Proceedings of the Conference on Data Compression. IEEE Computer Society. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.8470. doi:10.1109/DCC.1999.755678.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Google's Bigtable", Outer court (Weblog), 23 October 2005.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."snappy". google.github.io.

Bibliography

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