BioSentinel

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BioSentinel
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Illustration of BioSentinel in heliocentric orbit
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Mission typeAstrobiology, space medicine
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID2022-156F
SATCAT no.55906
WebsiteBioSentinel - NASA
Mission duration18 months (planned)
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Spacecraft properties
BusCubeSat (6U)
ManufacturerNASA / Ames Research Center
Launch massTemplate:Cvt[1]Template:R/superscript
DimensionsTemplate:Cvt
Power30 watts (solar panels)
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Start of mission
Launch date16 November 2022, 06:47:44 UTC[2]Template:R/superscript
RocketSLS Block 1
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39B
ContractorNASA
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Orbital parameters
Reference systemHeliocentric
Semi-major axis1.019 AU[3]Template:R/superscript
Eccentricity0.01939
Perihelion altitude0.998 AU
Aphelion altitude1.038 AU
Inclination0.239°
Period375.5 days
RAAN66.045°
Argument of perihelion4.092°
Epoch1 December 2023 (JD 2460279.5)
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Flyby of Moon
Closest approach21 November 2022, 15:40:51 UTC
DistanceTemplate:Cvt[3]Template:R/superscript
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Transponders
BandX-band
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BioSentinel is a low-cost CubeSat spacecraft on an astrobiology mission that uses budding yeast to detect, measure, and compare the impact of deep space radiation on DNA repair over long time beyond low Earth orbit.[1]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript

Selected in 2013 for a 2022 launch, the spacecraft will operate in the deep space radiation environment throughout its 18-month mission.[5]Template:R/superscript This will help scientists understand the health threat from cosmic rays and deep space environment on living organisms and reduce the risk associated with long-term human exploration, as NASA plans to send humans farther into space than ever before.[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript The spacecraft was launched on 16 November 2022 as part of the Artemis 1 mission.[2]Template:R/superscript In August 2023, NASA extended BioSentinel's mission into November 2024.[6]Template:R/superscript In 2024 the mission was extended by up to an additional 10 months, or as late as September 2025.[7]Template:R/superscript

The mission was developed by NASA Ames Research Center.

Background

BioSentinel is one of ten low-cost CubeSat missions that flew as secondary payloads aboard Artemis 1, the first test flight of NASA's Space Launch System.[8]Template:R/superscript The spacecraft was deployed in cis-lunar space as NASA's first mission to send living organisms beyond low Earth orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972.[9]Template:R/superscript

Objective

The primary objective of BioSentinel is to develop a biosensor using a simple model organism (yeast) to detect, measure, and correlate the impact of space radiation to living organisms over long durations beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) and into heliocentric orbit. While progress has been made with simulations, no terrestrial laboratory can duplicate the unique space radiation environment.[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript

Biological science

The BioSentinel biosensor uses the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to detect and measure DNA damage response after exposure to the deep space radiation environment.[10]Template:R/superscript Two yeast strains were selected for this mission: a wild type strain proficient in DNA repair, and a strain defective in the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), deleterious lesions generated by ionizing radiation. Budding yeast was selected not only because of its flight heritage, but also because of its similarities with human cells, especially its DSB repair mechanisms.[1]Template:R/superscript The biosensor consists of specifically engineered yeast strains and growth medium containing a metabolic indicator dye. Therefore, culture growth and metabolic activity of yeast cells directly indicate successful repair of DNA damage.[1]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript

After completing the Moon flyby and spacecraft checkout, the science mission phase will begin with the wetting of the first set of yeast-containing wells with specialized media.[5]Template:R/superscript Multiple sets of wells will be activated at different time points over the 18-month mission. One reserve set of wells will be activated in the occurrence of a solar particle event (SPE). Approximately, a 4 to 5 krad total ionizing dose is anticipated.[1]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript Payload science data and spacecraft telemetry will be stored on board and then downloaded to the ground.[5]Template:R/superscript

Biological measurements will be compared to data provided by onboard radiation sensors and dosimeters.

Additionally, two identical BioSentinel payloads have been developed: one for the International Space Station (ISS), which is in similar microgravity conditions but a comparatively low-radiation environment, and one for use as a delayed-synchronous ground control at Earth gravity and, due to Earth's magnetic field, at Earth-surface-level radiation. The payload on the ISS has been warmed up and rehydrated in January 2022, the one on Earth surface, weeks later. They will help calibrate the biological effects of radiation in deep space to analogous measurements conducted on Earth and on the ISS.[1]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript

Spacecraft

File:BioSentinel CubeSat orbit.png
Representative heliocentric orbit of the BioSentinel spacecraft
File:Biosentinel 6U CubeSat format.jpg
Diagram of the BioSentinel

The Biosentinel spacecraft will consist of a 6U CubeSat bus format, with external dimensions of Template:Cvt and a mass of about Template:Cvt.[1]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript[13]Template:R/superscript At launch, BioSentinel resides within the second stage on the launch vehicle from which it is deployed to a lunar flyby trajectory and into an Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit.

Of the total 6 Units volume, 4 Units will hold the science payload, including a radiation dosimeter and a dedicated 3-color spectrometer for each well; 0.5U will house the ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem), 0.5U will house the EPS (Electrical Power System) and C&DH (Command and Data Handling) avionics, and 1U will house the attitude control thruster assembly, which will be 3D printed all in one piece: cold gas (DuPont R236fa) propellant tanks, lines and seven nozzles. The use of 3D printing also allows the optimization of space for increased propellant storage (Template:Cvt).[10]Template:R/superscript[14]Template:R/superscript The thrust of each nozzle is 50 mN, and a specific impulse of 31 seconds.[14]Template:R/superscript The attitude control system is being developed and fabricated by the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Electric power will be generated by deployable solar panels rated at 30 watts, and telecommunications will rely on the Iris transponder at X-band.[1]Template:R/superscript

The spacecraft is being developed by NASA Ames Research Center (AMR), in collaboration with NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and NASA Headquarters.[1]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript

See also

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The 10 CubeSats flying in the Artemis 1 mission
The 3 CubeSat missions removed from Artemis 1
Astrobiology missions

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.T. Ricco; R. P. Hanel; T. Straume; M. P. Parra; T. D. Boone; et al. (2014). "BioSentinel: DNA Damage-and-Repair Experiment Beyond Low Earth Orbit" (PDF). NASA / Ames Research Center. Retrieved 12 March 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.J. Roulette; S. Gorman (16 November 2022). "NASA's next-generation Artemis mission heads to moon on debut test flight". Reuters. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.J. Alvarellos; A. Dono (2024). "Deep Space Navigation for the BioSentinel CubeSat Science Orbit" (PDF). NASA / Ames Research Center. Retrieved 15 August 2025. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."NASA TechPort – BioSentinel Project". techport.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 19 November 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.S. Caldwell (15 April 2019). "BioSentinel". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 9 March 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.G. Figliozzi (8 August 2023). "NASA Extends BioSentinel's Mission to Measure Deep Space Radiation". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.A. Tabor (20 November 2024). "What is BioSentinel?". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.S. Clark (12 October 2021). "Adapter structure with 10 CubeSats installed on top of Artemis moon rocket". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.S. Clark (8 April 2015). "NASA adding to list of CubeSats flying on first SLS mission". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.H. Sanchez (2016). "BioSentinel: Mission Development of a Radiation Biosensor to Gauge DNA Damage and Repair Beyond Low Earth Orbit on a 6U Nanosatellite" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 12 March 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.M. Sorgenfrei; B. S. Lewis (2014). "BioSentinel: Enabling CubeSat Scale Biological Research Beyond Low Earth Orbit" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 15 March 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.G. D. Krebs. "BioSentinel". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.G. D. Krebs. "NEA-Scout". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.T. Stevenson; G. Lightsey (2017). "Design and characterization of a 3D-printed attitude control thruster for an interplanetary 6U CubeSat". Georgia Institute of Technology. Retrieved 12 March 2021.

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