Block settlement
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A block settlement (or bloc settlement) is a particular type of land distribution which allows settlers with the same ethnicity to form small colonies. This settlement type was used throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. As a legacy of the block settlements, the three Prairie Provinces have several regions where ancestries other than British are the largest, unlike the norm in surrounding regions.
The policy of planned blocks was pursued primarily by Clifford Sifton during his time as Interior Minister of Canada. It was essentially a compromise position. Some politicians wanted all ethnic groups to be scattered evenly though the new lands to ensure they would quickly assimilate to Anglo-Canadian culture, while others did not want to live near "foreign" immigrants (as opposed to British immigrants who were not considered foreign) and demanded that they be segregated. At the time, Canada was receiving large numbers of non-British, non-French, immigrants for the first time, especially Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, and Ukrainians. The newcomers themselves wanted to settle as close as possible to people with a familiar language and similar customs. The government did not want the West to be fragmented into a few large homogeneous ethnic blocks, however, so several smaller colonies were set up where particular ethnic groups could settle, but these were spaced across the country.[1][2]
Similar to block settlements in Canada, the United States had several Ethnic Group Settlements across the Great Plains, which were founded by European settlers across the 1880s. These were towns of Czechs, Norwegians, Germans, Russians, and religious groups that were allotted land to create homesteads and farms.[1]
American
Black people
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Mormon
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Cardston founded in 1887 was the first Latter-day Saint settlement in Alberta. [3]
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Anabaptist
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Hutterite
Hutterites are German-speaking Anabaptists who live in communal agricultural colonies. They have 188 colonies in Alberta, 117 in Manitoba, 72 in Saskatchewan and 3 in British Columbia. These Canadian colonies began with 18 colonies founded in 1919.[4][5] Map
Mennonite
The Manitoba government set aside the Mennonite East Reserve now in the Rural Municipality of Hanover and the Mennonite West Reserve now in the Rural Municipality of Rhineland and the Rural Municipality of Stanley for the new Russian Mennonite immigrants coming to the province beginning in 1874.[6] Most spoke Mennonite Low German.[7] (Map)
Mennonite communities originally part of the East Reserve, Manitoba include: Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Mennonite communities originally part of the West Reserve, Manitoba include: Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Mennonite communities originally part of the Scratching River Settlement, Manitoba include: Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Saskatchewan settlements[8] (Map) Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Early Alberta settlements began in La Crete, Alberta and Didsbury, Alberta 1901[9][10]
Early British Columbia settlements began in Yarrow, British Columbia and Abbotsford, British Columbia 1911[9][11]
British
Meaning: people coming directly from the United Kingdom, not English-speaking people from Ontario, Atlantic Canada, or the United States. Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
British Canadian
Meaning: settlers from Eastern Canada, primarily Ontario, and mostly of British and Irish origins. Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Dutch
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Eastern European
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Ashkenazi Jewish
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Many of the Jewish immigrants to Canada came from settlements in Eastern Europe, including Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire (later the Soviet Union).
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Doukhobor
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". In Saskatchewan by 1900, about 7,411 Doukhobors immigrated and settled in four blocks in the North-West Territories (now in Saskatchewan) from 1899 to 1930. They initially established 61 communal villages on 773,400 acres (3,130 km2; 1,208.4 sq mi).[16] (Map) Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
British Columbia (1908-1938) (Map) Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Alberta Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Finnish
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Hungarian
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Old Believers
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Romanian
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Ukrainian
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Plain text' not found. Ukrainian settlements with approximate date of founding (Map):
- Edna-Star, Alberta (1892). Founded by the original Ukrainian Canadian pioneers Iwan Pylypow and Wasyl Eleniak, this is the oldest and largest of the Ukrainian block settlements and was once considered the largest Ukrainian community in the world outside Eastern Europe. It is now the world's largest eco-museum, called Kalyna Country, which includes Sturgeon County, Thorhild County, the County of St. Paul No. 19, the County of Vermilion River, the County of Two Hills No. 21, the County of Minburn No. 27, Beaver County, Lamont County, and Strathcona County, and many of the neighbouring towns and cities.[17][18] (Map)
- Manitoba settlements included Stuartburn, Manitoba (August 1896), Dauphin, Manitoba (September 1896). Interlake, Manitoba (June 1897), Shoal Lake, Manitoba (April 1899) and Whitemouth, Manitoba.[19]
- Saskatchewan settlements were in the Montmartre-Candiac area (1895–96), the Yorkton–Canora–Preeceville area in eastern Saskatchewan, the Rosthern–Yellow Creek–Cudworth area north of Saskatoon and the Radisson–Hafford–Whitkow area east of North Battleford.[20][21]
French
These include French Canadians from Quebec, French Americans, and Francophones from France, Belgium, and Switzerland. Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Alberta
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- British Columbia
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- Manitoba
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- Saskatchewan
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German
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". German settlement began in the prairie provinces in the 1890s and continued until the 1920s during the homesteading period. Some also came to the region after the end of World War II. Canadians of German ethnicity remain numerous in the prairie provinces. Most of these settlers were Catholics and Lutherans, with minorities of Mennonites and Baptists. Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
German colonies
St. Joseph's Colony (Katharinental) was established from 1886 to 1904 in southern Saskatchewan.[24][25] Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
St. Joseph's Colony (Josephstal) was established in 1905 in west-central Saskatchewan.[26][27][28] Villages in this Saskatchewan colony included Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
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St. Peter's Colony in Saskatchewan.[29] founded in 1903 in Saskatchewan was 4,662 square kilometres (1,800 square miles) in size.[30] It included 50 townships; townships 35 to 40, ranges 18 to 22, and townships 37 to 41, ranges 23 to 26 of the Dominion Land Survey west of the 2nd Meridian.[31] 8,000 settlers had arrived in the colony by 1910[32] and by 1930 it was home to 18,000 Roman Catholics. Most were German Catholics.[33] Between 1903 and 1925 parishes were established at Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Indigenous
Métis
Some French settlements were founded by Francophone Métis from the Red River settlement in Manitoba. Many began as Métis hivernants buffalo hunting camps from the 1840s to the 1870s.[34][35] Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Scandinavian
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Danish
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Icelandic
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- Vatnabyggd was an Icelandic settlement of about 2,000 square kilometres in Saskatchewan south of Fishing Lake and the Quill Lakes. By 1911 it had attracted over 1,600 Icelanders.[36][37] Vatnabyggd included the settlements of Kristnes, Saskatchewan (1903), Dafoe (1905), Kandahar (1905), Wynyard (1904), Mozart (1903), Elfros (1903), Leslie (1907), Holar, Saskatchewan (1905), Mount Hecla, Saskatchewan (1904) and Foam Lake (1892). (Map)
- Near Churchbridge, Saskatchewan were the settlements of Thingvalla-Logberg and Vallar
- New Iceland (Nýja Ísland) (1875-1897) was located on the southwest shore of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba. The Rural Municipality of Gimli and the Rural Municipality of Bifrost are within the old settlement area. New Iceland contained the settlements of Gimli, Riverton, Hnausa and Arborg.[6] (Map)
- Other Icelandic settlements in Manitoba included Baldur, Erickson, Geysir, Manitoba, Glenboro, Lakeview, Manitoba, Lundar, Morden and Reykjavik
- Markerville, Alberta
Norwegian
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Swedish
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See also
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Atlas of Saskatchewan (Ethnic Bloc Settlements map)". Retrieved 2014-05-31.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnic Bloc Settlement in the Prairies". 1989. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mormon News Room: Facts and Statistics (Canada-Alberta)". Retrieved 2014-06-19.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Regional index of Hutterite colonies". Retrieved 2014-06-23.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mapping Hutterite Colony Diffusion in North America". 26 June 2012. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."An Experiment in Immigrant Colonization: Canada and the Icelandic Reserve, 1875-1897 by Ryan Christopher Eyford (map page 4)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Krahn, Cornelius and Adolf Ens. (1989). Manitoba (Canada). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online". Retrieved 2014-06-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Rempel, John G. and Otto Driedger. (1990). Saskatchewan (Canada). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online". Retrieved 2014-06-07.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mennonite Historical Society of Canada (history/migrations to Canada)". Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Gingerich, Melvin, C. Lorne Dick and Reynold Sawatzky. "Alberta (Canada)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online". Retrieved 2014-06-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Klassen, Cornelius F., John M. Klassen and Richard D. Thiessen. "British Columbia (Canada)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online". Retrieved 2014-06-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Feldman, Mottie (January 2002). "Sonnenfeld Colony: A Piece of Saskatchewan History". Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Feldman, Mottie (January 2002). "Pioneer Stories from Sonnenfeld Colony". Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."S.W.20-2-15-W.2nd, Sonnenfeld, Saskatchewan. [textual record] – 1975". Canadian Jewish Heritage Network. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Story of Saskatchewan's Jewish farmers goes to national museum". CBC News. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jonathan Kalmakoff. "Doukhobor Historical Maps, Saskatchewan". Doukhobor Heritage.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A map of the Ukrainian bloc settlement of east central Alberta". University of Alberta. 2007. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine (Alberta)". 2009. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine (Manitoba)". 2010. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine (Saskatchewan)". 2008. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Saskatchewan's Ukrainian Legacy. Saskatchewan Ukrainian Historical Society. 2006.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Francophone land settlement in southwestern Saskatchewan by Beckey Hamilton" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."German Saskatchewan Genealogy Roots". Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."St. Joseph's Colony, Katharinental Colony, Kronau-Rastadt, and Odessa (1886-1904)". Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Historical Sketch of St. Peter's Parish and the Founding of the Colonies of Rastadt, Kathrinenthal and Speier". Archived from the original on 2012-09-08. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."St. Joseph's Colony - Index Page". Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."St. Joseph's Colony: 1905 - 1930". Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Towns & Villages Of St. Joseph's". Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."St. Peter's Colony Map". Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan (GERMAN SETTLEMENTS)". Archived from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jerome Weber O.S.B. (1949). "St. Peter's Abbey 1903-1921" (PDF). CCHA Report. 16. Canadian Catholic Historical Association: 37–49. Retrieved 2015-01-26.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Colony Beginnings(p.6)". Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The German Catholics of St. Peter's Colony: 1903-1930 By Paul Paproski, OSB" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Atlas of Saskatchewan (French and Francophone Métis Settlements)". Retrieved 2014-04-06.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.John Welsted (1 January 1996). The Geography of Manitoba: Its Land and Its People. Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-88755-375-2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Vatnabyggd: An Icelandic Settlement in Saskatchewan". Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Major Icelandic Settlements in America". Archived from the original on 2014-01-15. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ New Stockholm Lutheran Church Script error: No such module "webarchive".
Further reading
- Alan Anderson, "Ethnic Bloc Settlements," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan (2006) online
- Paul Robert Magocsi, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples (1999)
External links
- The Atlas of Saskatchewan provides a map of the entire province showing all major ethnic bloc settlements.
- Government of Alberta's Heritage Department's page about the history of the Ukrainian settlements in East-Central Alberta
- Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village is a living history village 50 km east of Edmonton, Alberta which focuses on the experiences of Ukrainian immigrants and the block settlements.
- Multicultural Canada (Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples)
