Borders of China

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Template:Short description Template:DMCA

File:CHN orthographic.svg
Page Template:Legend/styles.css has no content.
  People's Republic of China
Page Template:Legend/styles.css has no content.
  Territory claimed but not controlled
File:Greater China with tributary states.png
Page Template:Legend/styles.css has no content.
  Historical China
Page Template:Legend/styles.css has no content.
  Former tributary states

The People's Republic of China (PRC) shares land borders with 14 countries (tied with Russia for the most in the world): North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam, and with two Special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macao. The land borders, counterclockwise from northeast to southwest, are the China–North Korea border, the eastern segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Mongolia border, the western segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Kazakhstan border, the China–Kyrgyzstan border, the China–Tajikistan border, the China–Afghanistan border, the China–Pakistan border, the western segment of the China–India border (the most contested of the Sino-Indian border dispute), the China–Nepal border, the central segment of the China–India border (Sikkim), the China–Bhutan border, the eastern segment of the China–India border, the China–Myanmar border, the China–Laos border, the China–Vietnam border, a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) internal border with Macau, a Portuguese territory until 1999, and a 30-kilometre (19 mi) internal border with the special administrative region of Hong Kong, which was a British dependency before 1997.

To the west, China has maritime borders with South Korea, Japan, and contested limits with Taiwan and other countries in the South China Sea, among other territorial disputes.

At 22,457 kilometres (13,954 mi),[1] China has the longest land borders of any country.

Land border by polity

Below is a table of countries and territories that share a land border with China around its perimeter. In parentheses are their lengths in miles.[2]

Country Length
File:Flag of North Korea (March 2026-).svg North Korea [[China–North Korea border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia [[China–Russia border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia [[China–Mongolia border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan [[China–Kazakhstan border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan [[China–Kyrgyzstan border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan [[China–Tajikistan border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan [[Afghanistan–China border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan [[China–Pakistan border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of India.svg India [[Line of Actual Control|Template:Cvt]][a]
File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal [[China–Nepal border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan [[Bhutan–China border|Template:Cvt]][b]
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar [[China–Myanmar border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos [[China–Laos border|Template:Cvt]]
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam [[China–Vietnam border|Template:Cvt]]

China Rim

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

The region of all countries bordering China is sometimes referred to by scholars as the China Rim,[3][4][5] or simply as China's periphery (Chinese: 中国周边).[6] The China Rim plays a significant role in competition between other countries and China, as is the case with America's China Containment Policy.[7] Significant competition took place between America and China in the region after the middle of the 20th century.[8][9][10] Currently, a greater level of scrutiny and competition are happening around the maritime portion of the rim (particularly Taiwan and Maritime Southeast Asia).[11]

Relevant treaties

Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.

Since 1689, the relevant treaties on the boundary of China are:

Parties Gregorian date Full name of treaty
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 7 September 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk[c]
1727 Treaty of Kiakhta [c]
28 May 1858 Treaty of Aigun
14 November 1860 Convention of Peking [c]
7 October 1864 Treaty of Tarbagatai
1869, 1883 Cobb Convention [c]
1870 Uriasutay Convention [c]
1870, 1883 Talbahatay Convention [c]
1870, 1882 The Ili Boundary Convention [c]
1882 Northeast Kashgar Boundary Convention [c]
1883 Arakbek Estuary Boundary Convention [c]
1884 Northwest Kashgar Boundary Convention [c]
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 1890 Convention of Calcutta [c]
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 1909 Gando Convention [c]
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 20 December 1911 Manzhouli Boundary Convention
Template:Flagicon 4 September 1958 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 28 January 1960 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries
14 May 1960 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries
1 October 1960 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar
4 January 1961 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 5 October 1961 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 13 October 1961 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar concerning the Boundary between the two countries
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 12 October 1962 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Sino-Korean Border Agreement
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 26 December 1962 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 2 March 1963 China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan Concerning the Boundary Bordering Xinjiang of China and Various Areas under Pakistan's Effective Control for Defense
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 25 March 1963 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 22 November 1963 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Afghanistan, or Sino-Afghan boundary treaty
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 20 March 1964 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
20 March 1964 Sino-Korean Border Agreement, Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Concerning the China-Korea Boundary
Template:Flagicon 10 December 1982 Signing of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (including the People's Republic of China)
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 19 December 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, or Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 13 April 1987 China-Portugal Joint Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Portuguese Republic on the Question of Macao
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 16 May 1991 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 24 October 1991 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic
21 January 1992

Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic

Template:Flagicon 25 February 1992 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 16 March 1992

Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border

Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 31 January 1993 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic Concerning the Boundary between the two countries
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 3 December 1993 Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 27 January 1994 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 8 April 1994 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction
11 October 1995 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 12 August 1994 Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 26 April 1994 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 3 September 1994 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation Concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary
Template:Flagicon 16 November 1994 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (including the People's Republic of China)
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 17 October 1995 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary
Template:Flagicon 15 May 1996 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the Territorial Sea of the People's Republic of China
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 24 June 1996 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Western Boundary Point of the Three Countries
24 June 1996 Signed the Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Eastern Junction of the Tri-Border
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 4 July 1996 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Boundary Area between China and the Kyrgyz Republic
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 26 August 1997 Protocol supplementing to the Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 24 September 1997 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary
4 July 1998 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the China-Kazakhstan Boundary Area (1998)
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 3 November 1998 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Demarcation Line of the Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River
Template:Flagicon 29 April 1999 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the Approval of the "Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Demarcation Line of the Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River"
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 5 May 1999 Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Determination of the Boundary Points of the Tripartite State Border
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 13 August 1999 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan Concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 25 August 1999 Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 26 August 1999 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the National Boundary between China and the Kyrgyz Republic
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 30 December 1999 Treaty on the Land Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
Template:Flagicon 29 April 2000 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Ratifying the Treaty on the Land Boundary between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 5 July 2000 Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Tri-Border Points
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 25 December 2000 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf between the two countries in the Beibu Gulf
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 17 May 2002 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 20 June 2002 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River
29 March 2003 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River
Template:Flagicon 25 June 2004 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the "Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in the Beibu Gulf"
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 14 October 2004 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia
2 June 2005 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 10 October 2006 Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
Template:Flagicon 28 February 2007 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the "Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries", Identifying the Three Countries Decision of the Treaty on Border Crossings
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 5 June 2012 The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
Template:Flagicon 10 September 2012 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the territorial sea of the Diaoyu Dao and its Affiliated Islands
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon 14 December 2014 Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon July 2016 China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea

See also

Notes

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ In three sections, separated by Nepal and Bhutan; depends on the resolution of Sino-Indian border dispute, and disputes between India and Pakistan
  2. ^ Depends on the resolution of territorial disputes between Bhutan and China
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The legal land boundary of the Republic of China is still based on these treaties.

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."China", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, archived from the original on 6 January 2021, retrieved 9 June 2024
  2. ^ CIA: The World Factbook, China
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.S, Fletcher (2005). "Energy competition seen raising tension in 'China Rim'". Oil & Gas Journal (in 한국어). 103 (17): 40.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pyatt, T. Roger (June 1995). "Business Networks and Dyad Studies: Theory and Practice in Southeast Asia". Asia Pacific Business Review. 1 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1080/13602389500000013. ISSN 1360-2381.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weirauch, Wendy (1 November 2005). "Producer's viewpoint: petrochemicals outlook in a changing world". Hydrocarbon Processing. 84 (11): 25–26.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lanteigne, Marc (28 June 2019). Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-79543-5.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Blanchard, Jean-Marc F.; Shen, Simon (20 February 2015). Conflict and Cooperation in Sino-US Relations: Change and Continuity, Causes and Cures. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-66427-7.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Freeman, Carla (1 January 2021). "12. China's Periphery: A Rift Zone in U.S.-China Relations". Engaging China: 335–364. doi:10.7312/thur20128-012. ISBN 978-0-231-55402-2.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cumings, Bruce (1999). "The American Century and the Third World". Diplomatic History. 23 (2): 355–370. doi:10.1111/1467-7709.00169. ISSN 0145-2096. JSTOR 24913744.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Huck, Arthur (1979). "Review of China and the Major Powers in East Asia.; China and America.; Dragon and Eagle". Pacific Affairs. 52 (1): 110–113. doi:10.2307/2757771. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 2757771.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sutter, Robert (2015). "More American Attention to Taiwan Amid Heightened Competition with China". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 22 (1): 1–16. ISSN 2166-0042. JSTOR 44289071.
  • Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Borders_of_China&oldid=5706538"