Botryodiscia

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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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(S.Moore) L.Lian & Wei Wang
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Synonyms[1]

Stephania tetrandra S.Moore

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Botryodiscia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Menispermaceae. It includes a single species, Botryodiscia tetrandra, is a herbaceous perennial vine or scrambling subshrub native native to southern China, Hainan, Taiwan, and Vietnam.[1] It grows from a short, woody caudex, climbing to a height of around three meters. The leaves are arranged spirally on the stem, and are peltate, i.e. with the leaf petiole attached near the centre of the leaf.[2] Its root is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

The species was first described as Stephania tetrandra by Spencer Le Marchant Moore in 1875. In 2024 Lian Lian and Wei Wang placed it in the newly described monotypic genus Botryodiscia as Botryodiscia tetrandra.[1]

Distribution and habitat

Botryodiscia tetrandra occurs in shrublands at village margins, open fields, and roadsides in South Central and East China in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces, in Taiwan,[2] and in Vietnam.[1]

Etymology in Chinese medicine

Botryodiscia tetrandra is among the 50 fundamental herbs used in TCM. The standard pinyin according to the Chinese [Herbal] Pharmacopia of the People's Republic of China (Template:Zh) is: fen fang ji (Template:Zh), but it is more commonly known as Han Fang ji (Template:Zh).

Traditional medicine

Fen fang ji is used in traditional Chinese medicine to dispel wind and dampness to relieve pain and to promote diuresis.[citation needed] It is classified as acrid, bitter and cold. The part used is the root.

Chemistry

Botryodiscia contains tetrandrine, a potent smooth muscle relaxant.[3][4][5] Stephania alkaloids have curare-like action, and can selectively inhibit T-cell-dependent immune reactions. The root contains many isoquinoline alkaloids: tetrandrine (0.6-0.9%), fangchinoline (0.5%), cyclanoline (0.1%) and dimethyltetrandrine iodide (muscle relaxant). The root also contains flavanoids. The main active alkaloids are: tetrandrine (12 to 23 grams/kg) and fangchinoline (0.3–3 mg/kg). Also present are: dimethyltetradine iodide, cyclanoline, menisine, menisidine, oxofangchirine, stephenanthrine, stepholidine and bisbenzylisoquinoline.[6][7] Fenfangjines F, G, H, and I.[8] Modern pharmacological research has also examined the plant in the context of traditional Chinese medical use. A 2026 study analyzed more than 41,000 historical Chinese medical recipes and combined this dataset with nuclear receptor profiling, identifying fractions of Botryodiscia tetrandra (studied under its former name Stephania tetrandra) that modulate glucocorticoid receptor activity.[9]

Other herbs sometimes used as Fang Ji

Other plants named fang ji (Template:Zh, roughly "snakebite remedy") are sometimes substituted for it. Notable among these is guang fang ji (Template:Zh), Aristolochia fanchi, whose main toxic component is aristolochic acid, a potent carcinogen and nephrotoxin. Other herbs sometimes used as Fang Ji include Cocculus trilobus, C. orbiculatus, Aristolochia fangchi, and Sinomenium acutum (Japanese Han Fang Ji or Qinfengteng).

Warnings, contraindications for substituted herbs

When Aristolochia fanghi is substituted for Botryodiscia tetrandra, the resultant guang fang ji preparations can contain toxic amounts of aristolochic acid Ingestion can lead to renal failure and even death; Aristolochia is used in TCM only with great caution. In May, 2000, the FDA began detaining any plants or medicines suspected of containing aristolochic acid, unless laboratory testing indicated they were negative for aristolochic acid.[10] The traditional route of ingestion of guang fang ji is via water decoction. Since aristolochic acid has low water solubility, water decoction is believed to be a safer route than taking guang fang ji as an uncooked powder.[11]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Botryodiscia tetrandra (S.Moore) L.Lian & Wei Wang". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 October 2025.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Qiming Hu, Xianrui Luo, Tao Chen & Michael G. Gilbert. "Stephania tetrandra". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 24 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Xu, Wei; Debeb, Bisrat G.; Lacerda, Lara; Li, Jessica; Woodward, Wendy A. (2011). "Tetrandrine, a Compound Common in Chinese Traditional Medicine, Preferentially Kills Breast Cancer Tumor Initiating Cells (TICs) in Vitro". Cancers. 3 (2): 2274–85. doi:10.3390/cancers3022274. PMC 3757417. PMID 24212809.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ng, LT; Chiang, LC; Lin, YT; Lin, CC (2006). "Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of tetrandrine on different human hepatoma cell lines" (PDF). The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 34 (1): 125–35. doi:10.1142/s0192415x06003692. PMID 16437745.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chen, YJ (2002). "Potential role of tetrandrine in cancer therapy". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 23 (12): 1102–6. PMID 12466047.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Choi, HS; Kim, HS; Min, KR; Kim, Y; Lim, HK; Chang, YK; Chung, MW (2000). "Anti-inflammatory effects of fangchinoline and tetrandrine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 69 (2): 173–9. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00141-5. PMID 10687873.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ma, W; Nomura, M; Takahashi-Nishioka, T; Kobayashi, S (2007). "Combined effects of fangchinoline from Stephania tetrandra Radix and formononetin and calycosin from Astragalus membranaceus Radix on hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in streptozotocin-diabetic mice". Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 30 (11): 2079–83. doi:10.1248/bpb.30.2079. PMID 17978479.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ogino, Tatsunori; Katsuhara, Takao; Sato, Toshitsugu; Sasaki, Hiroshi; Okada, Minoru; Maruno, Masao (1998). "New Alkaloids from the Root of Stephania tetrandra (Fen-Fang-Ji)". Heterocycles. 48 (2): 311. doi:10.3987/COM-97-8028. ISSN 0385-5414.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Prackwieser, J; Houtman, R; Kievits, T; Melchers, D; Guan, H; Seifert, G; Konietschke, F; Lamottke, K; Unschuld, P U; Kirk, N (2026). "Data mining historical Chinese medical recipe collections and nuclear receptor profiling identify plant fractions that modulate glucocorticoid receptor activity". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 16 1681729. doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1681729.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A Success Story on Aristolochic Acid". July 2001.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chen JK, Chen TT (2004). Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology. City of Industry, CA: Art of Medicine Press. ISBN 978-0-9740635-0-8.

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