Braille Patterns
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| Braille Patterns | |
|---|---|
| Range | U+2800..U+28FF (256 code points) |
| Plane | BMP |
| Scripts | Braille |
| Assigned | 256 code points |
| Unused | 0 reserved code points |
| Source standards | ISO 11548-1 |
| Unicode version history | |
| Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content. | |
| 3.0 Template:Unicode version/version-to-date | 256 (+256) |
| Unicode documentation | |
| Code chart ∣ Web page | |
| Note: [1][2] | |
Template:Contains special characters
The Unicode block Braille Patterns (U+2800..U+28FF) contains all 256 possible patterns of an 8-dot braille cell, thereby including the complete 6-dot cell range.[3] In Unicode, a braille cell does not have a letter or meaning defined. For example, Unicode does not define Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+2817 ⠗ Script error: No such module "Unicode data". to be "R".
Independent script
In themselves, braille letters do not belong to any print script, but constitute a distinct braille script. The same braille letter can be used to transcribe multiple scripts, e.g. Latin, Cyrillic, Greek and even elements of Chinese characters, as well as digits. Thus while Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+2813 ⠓ Script error: No such module "Unicode data". transcribes the letter h of the Latin script, as well as the digit 8, it transcribes ᄐ t- of Korean hangul and り ri of Japanese kana.
The Unicode character property of braille characters is set to "So" (Symbol, other) rather than to "Lo" (Letter, other). The ISO 15924 script code for braille "Brai".[3]
Identifying, naming and ordering
The coding is in accordance with ISO/TR 11548-1 Communication aids for blind persons.[3] Unicode uses the standard dot-numbering 1 to 8. Historically only the 6-dot cell was used in braille. The lower two dots were added later, which explains the irregular numbering 1-2-3-7 in the left column and 4-5-6-8 in the right column. Where dots 7 and 8 are not raised, there is no distinction between 6-dot and 8-dot definitions.
The Unicode name of a specific pattern mentions the raised dots: Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+2813 ⠓ Script error: No such module "Unicode data". has dots 1, 2 and 5 raised. By exception, the zero dot raised pattern is named Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+2800 ⠀ Script error: No such module "Unicode data"..[4]
In the 8-dot cell, each dot individually can be raised or not. That creates 28=256 different patterns. By mapping each of the eight dots to a bit in a byte (in a little-endian order), and by defining "0"/"1" for not raised/raised per bit, every specific pattern generates an identifying binary number. So the pattern with dots 1-2-5 raised would yield (00010011)2, equivalent to (13)16 or (19)10.
The mapping can also be computed by adding together the hexadecimal values, seen at right, of the dots raised. So the pattern with dots 1-2-5 raised would yield 116+216+1016 = 1316. Whether computed directly in hexadecimal, or indirectly via binary, the result is added to 280016, the offset for the Braille Patterns Unicode block.
Template:Unicode Braille Pattern encoding
There is no regular mapping to the braille ASCII numbering.
Colloquial names
The Unicode names of braille dot patterns are not the same as what many English speakers would use colloquially. In particular, Unicode names use the word Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dots in the plural even when only one dot is listed: thus Unicode says Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.braille pattern dots-5 when most English-speaking users of braille would simply say "braille dot 5" or just "dot 5".
In addition, some English-speaking users of braille use the word "and" when listing only two dots. Thus Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.braille pattern dots-45 would be spoken as "braille dots 4 and 5". The word "and" is not always used when listing many dots however.
Block
Braille was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0.
When using punching, the filled (black) dots are to be punched.
The Unicode block for braille is U+2800 ... U+28FF:
| Braille PatternsPage Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+280x | ⠀ | ⠁ | ⠂ | ⠃ | ⠄ | ⠅ | ⠆ | ⠇ | ⠈ | ⠉ | ⠊ | ⠋ | ⠌ | ⠍ | ⠎ | ⠏ |
| U+281x | ⠐ | ⠑ | ⠒ | ⠓ | ⠔ | ⠕ | ⠖ | ⠗ | ⠘ | ⠙ | ⠚ | ⠛ | ⠜ | ⠝ | ⠞ | ⠟ |
| U+282x | ⠠ | ⠡ | ⠢ | ⠣ | ⠤ | ⠥ | ⠦ | ⠧ | ⠨ | ⠩ | ⠪ | ⠫ | ⠬ | ⠭ | ⠮ | ⠯ |
| U+283x | ⠰ | ⠱ | ⠲ | ⠳ | ⠴ | ⠵ | ⠶ | ⠷ | ⠸ | ⠹ | ⠺ | ⠻ | ⠼ | ⠽ | ⠾ | ⠿ |
| (end of 6-dot cell patterns) | ||||||||||||||||
| U+284x | ⡀ | ⡁ | ⡂ | ⡃ | ⡄ | ⡅ | ⡆ | ⡇ | ⡈ | ⡉ | ⡊ | ⡋ | ⡌ | ⡍ | ⡎ | ⡏ |
| U+285x | ⡐ | ⡑ | ⡒ | ⡓ | ⡔ | ⡕ | ⡖ | ⡗ | ⡘ | ⡙ | ⡚ | ⡛ | ⡜ | ⡝ | ⡞ | ⡟ |
| U+286x | ⡠ | ⡡ | ⡢ | ⡣ | ⡤ | ⡥ | ⡦ | ⡧ | ⡨ | ⡩ | ⡪ | ⡫ | ⡬ | ⡭ | ⡮ | ⡯ |
| U+287x | ⡰ | ⡱ | ⡲ | ⡳ | ⡴ | ⡵ | ⡶ | ⡷ | ⡸ | ⡹ | ⡺ | ⡻ | ⡼ | ⡽ | ⡾ | ⡿ |
| U+288x | ⢀ | ⢁ | ⢂ | ⢃ | ⢄ | ⢅ | ⢆ | ⢇ | ⢈ | ⢉ | ⢊ | ⢋ | ⢌ | ⢍ | ⢎ | ⢏ |
| U+289x | ⢐ | ⢑ | ⢒ | ⢓ | ⢔ | ⢕ | ⢖ | ⢗ | ⢘ | ⢙ | ⢚ | ⢛ | ⢜ | ⢝ | ⢞ | ⢟ |
| U+28Ax | ⢠ | ⢡ | ⢢ | ⢣ | ⢤ | ⢥ | ⢦ | ⢧ | ⢨ | ⢩ | ⢪ | ⢫ | ⢬ | ⢭ | ⢮ | ⢯ |
| U+28Bx | ⢰ | ⢱ | ⢲ | ⢳ | ⢴ | ⢵ | ⢶ | ⢷ | ⢸ | ⢹ | ⢺ | ⢻ | ⢼ | ⢽ | ⢾ | ⢿ |
| U+28Cx | ⣀ | ⣁ | ⣂ | ⣃ | ⣄ | ⣅ | ⣆ | ⣇ | ⣈ | ⣉ | ⣊ | ⣋ | ⣌ | ⣍ | ⣎ | ⣏ |
| U+28Dx | ⣐ | ⣑ | ⣒ | ⣓ | ⣔ | ⣕ | ⣖ | ⣗ | ⣘ | ⣙ | ⣚ | ⣛ | ⣜ | ⣝ | ⣞ | ⣟ |
| U+28Ex | ⣠ | ⣡ | ⣢ | ⣣ | ⣤ | ⣥ | ⣦ | ⣧ | ⣨ | ⣩ | ⣪ | ⣫ | ⣬ | ⣭ | ⣮ | ⣯ |
| U+28Fx | ⣰ | ⣱ | ⣲ | ⣳ | ⣴ | ⣵ | ⣶ | ⣷ | ⣸ | ⣹ | ⣺ | ⣻ | ⣼ | ⣽ | ⣾ | ⣿ |
| Notes Page Template:Block indent/styles.css has no content. | ||||||||||||||||
Font differences
When showing braille graphically in printed instruction manuals, it can be useful to indicate the dots that are not punched, especially if a single braille cell of only one or two punched dots is shown out of context: in this case it might otherwise be difficult to judge the vertical alignment of the dots and tell the difference between, say, dots 2 and 4 versus dots 3 and 5.
The current Unicode charts, and some fonts, use empty circles to indicate dots that are not punched. This does not always render very clearly: if the circle outlines are printed heavily then it can be difficult to tell at a glance whether the dot is filled in or not. The braille package for LaTeX (and several printed publications such as the printed manual for the new international braille music code) show unpunched dots as very small dots (much smaller than the filled-in dots) rather than circles, and this tends to print better.
Some braille fonts do not indicate unpunched dots at all. Additionally, some Linux braille fonts (e.g. GNU Unifont and the DejaVu fonts) use small squares instead of small circles to indicate dots.[5]
Other uses
The Braille Pattern characters are commonly[6][failed verification] used in terminal applications as a way to draw multiple pixels per character.
History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Braille Patterns block:
| Version | Final code points[a] | Count | UTC ID | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.0 | U+2800..28FF | 256 | X3L2/90-064 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Extracts from "A Proposal for Funding the Programs of Braille Research and Literacy", 1990-01-01 | ||
| X3L2/91-085 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.TC 173 Proposals for new work items for Braille Coding, 1991-03-20 | |||||
| X3L2/92-039 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bishop, Avery (1991-10-29), The long awaited draft reply on Braille symbol encoding | |||||
| N1093 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shibano, Kohji (1994-12-26), Braille Letters | |||||
| N1203 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1995-05-03), "6.1.3.3", Unconfirmed minutes of SC2/WG2 Meeting 27, Geneva | |||||
| X3L2/95-114 | N1279 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Braille letters (addition request), 1995-10-27 | ||||
| N1303 (html, doc) | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1996-01-26), "8.14 Braille", Minutes of Meeting 29, Tokyo | |||||
| X3L2/95-125 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Duran, Peter (1990-05-24), A Proposal for Funding the Programs of Braille Research and Literacy | |||||
| UTC/1996-002 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Aliprand, Joan; Hart, Edwin; Greenfield, Steve (1996-03-05), "Braille", UTC #67 Minutes | |||||
| UTC/1996-007 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hart, Edwin (1996-03-07), Contribution on Encoding Braille in ISO/IEC 10646 | |||||
| N1342 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sato, Takayuki K. (1996-03-19), Braille letters (confirmation of request) | |||||
| N1339 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ksar, Mike (1996-03-28), Liaison Letter on Braille to ISO/TC137 Secretariat | |||||
| N1345 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hart, Edwin (1996-04-01), Initial comments on encoding Braille into ISO/IEC 10646 | |||||
| N1353 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1996-06-25), "8.9", Draft minutes of WG2 Copenhagen Meeting # 30 | |||||
| UTC/1996-027.2 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Greenfield, Steve (1996-07-01), "K. Braille Proposal", UTC #69 Minutes (PART 2) | |||||
| N1409R | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Braille Symbols, 1996-08-12 | |||||
| N1453 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ksar, Mike; Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1996-12-06), "8.9", WG 2 Minutes - Quebec Meeting 31 | |||||
| L2/97-047 | N1541 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Everson, Michael (1997-03-11), Proposed pDAM text for Braille | ||||
| N1588 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.DIS 11 548-1 - Communication aids for blind persons Part 1: Braille identifiers and shift marks - General guidelines, 1997-06-23 | |||||
| N1588.1 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.DIS 11 548-2 - Communication aids for blind persons Part 2: Latin alphabet based character sets | |||||
| L2/97-157 | N1612 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Report of ad-hoc group on Braille encoding, 1997-07-01 | ||||
| L2/97-288 | N1603 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1997-10-24), "8.4", Unconfirmed Meeting Minutes, WG 2 Meeting # 33, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 20 June – 4 July 1997 | ||||
| L2/98-136 | N1770 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Paterson, Bruce (1998-04-06), Revised Text of 10646-1/FPDAM 16: Amendment 16: Braille Patterns | ||||
| L2/98-286 | N1703 | Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1998-07-02), "6.2.2 FPDAM-16 - Braille patterns", Unconfirmed Meeting Minutes, WG 2 Meeting #34, Redmond, WA, USA; 1998-03-16--20 | ||||
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References
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
- ^ a b c Unicode Chapter 15, section 15.10
- ^ Unicode chart U+2800, braille patterns
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Braille Pattern Dots-1358 (U+2895) Font Support". fileformat.info. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Iirelu/Braillify". GitHub. 22 July 2021.
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