Brycon

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Brycon is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Bryconidae, and order Characiformes. The fishes in this genus are found in Central and South America, ranging from southern Mexico to northern Argentina.[2] Despite not being closely related to true trout, they are sometimes called South American trout.[3] Members of the genus may be referred to by a number of other different common names in various languages. They reach a maximum length of 11.9–79.5 cm (4.7–31.3 in), depending on the species involved.[2] Some species perform seasonal breeding migrations.[4]

They feed heavily on fruits and seeds, but also take other plant material, invertebrates, and small fish.[5][6] Their food is typically taken from the water, but they are able to jump out of the water to "pluck" low-hanging seeds and fruits directly from trees.[3] Some seeds are crushed when eaten, but may also pass undamaged through the fish, making them seed dispersers.[3][5][6]

Brycon support important fisheries, and, based on a review by IBAMA, they are the fifth most caught fish by weight in the Brazilian Amazon.[4]

One fossil member of this genus is known in †Brycon avus (Woodward, 1898) from the Oligocene-aged Tremembé Formation of Brazil.[7][8] A slightly older potential specimen of B. avus is also known from the Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of the Aiuruoca Basin.[9]

Taxonomy

Cladistically, Brycon is a non-monophyletic genus; some of the species in this genus are actually genetically and morphologically closer to Chilobrycon and Henochilus than to the type species, Brycon falcatus. Thus, phylogenetic analyses using cladistics have rendered Brycon to be paraphyletic or even polyphyletic, and have recommended taxonomic review of the genus.[10][11] The clades within Brycon are grouped based on biogeographic evidence: in prehistory, vicariance lead to the speciation of a trans-Andean "Pacific clade" which also inhabits Central America; the other major clade is the cis-Andean + Magdalena-Cauca Basin clade which includes Brycon falcatus. The latter clades with species of Salminus and thus are closer to them than they are to the other Brycon clade.[12]

Species

File:Brycon cf amazonicus.jpg
Brycon cf. amazonicus
File:Brycon behreae.jpg
Brycon behreae
File:Brycon henni 02.JPG
Brycon henni
File:Brycon hilarii piraputanga rio prata 01.webm
Brycon hilarii
File:Brycon moorei.jpg
Brycon moorei
File:Brycon rubricauda (16609679980).jpg
Brycon rubricauda

Brycon contains the following valid species:[13]

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Cladogram

The following cladogram based on a 2014 maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Bryconidae.[14] It recovers the consensus that Brycon is not monophyletic as the genus encompasses multiple lineages:[12] Script error: No such module "Clade".

References

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  1. ^ a b c Template:Cof family
  2. ^ a b Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
  3. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Brycons". British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  4. ^ a b Araujo-Lima, C.A.R.M.; and M.L. Ruffino (2003). Migratory Fishes of the Brazilian Amazon. Pp. 233—302 in: Carolsfeld, J.; B. Harvey; C. Ross; and A. Baer (editors). Migratory Fishes of South America. Template:ISBN
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Goulding, M (1980). The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History. University of California Press. pp. 68–100. ISBN 0-520-04131-3.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reysa, P.; Sabino, J.; Galetti, M. (2009). "Frugivory by the fish Brycon hilarii (Characidae) in western Brazil". Acta Oecologica. 35 (1): 136–141. Bibcode:2009AcO....35..136R. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2008.09.007.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abe, Kelly T.; Mariguela, Tatiane C.; Avelino, Gleisy S.; Foresti, Fausto; Oliveira, Claudio (2014-07-08). "Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 152. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..152A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-152. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4109779. PMID 25005252.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Malabarba, Maria Cláudia S. L. (1998). "Phylogeny of Fossil Characiformes and Paleobiogeography of the Tremembé Formation, São Paulo, Brazil.". Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Part 1 - Fossils and Geological Evidence. pp. 69–84.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Malabarba, María Claudia de S. L. (2004). "On the paleoichthyofauna from the Aiuruoca Tertiary Basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil". Ameghiniana (in español). 41 (4): 515–519. ISSN 1851-8044.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abe, Kelly T.; Mariguela, Tatiane C.; Avelino, Gleisy S.; Foresti, Fausto; Oliveira, Claudio (8 July 2014). "Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (152) 152. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..152A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-152. PMC 4109779. PMID 25005252.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A phylogenetic analysis of Brycon and Henochilus (Characiformes, Characidae, Bryconinae) based on the mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 31 (1). 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Márquez, Edna Judith; Gómez-Chavarría, Daniel Alfredo; Alzate, Juan Fernando (August 27, 2024). "Exploring the mitochondrial genomes and phylogenetic relationships of trans-Andean Bryconidae species (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)". PLOS ONE. 19 (8) e0300830. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300830. PMC 11349099. PMID 39190628.
  13. ^ Template:Cof genus
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abe, Kelly T.; Mariguela, Tatiane C.; Avelino, Gleisy S.; Foresti, Fausto; Oliveira, Claudio (8 July 2014). "Systematic and historical biogeography of the Bryconidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) suggesting a new rearrangement of its genera and an old origin of Mesoamerican ichthyofauna". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (152) 152. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..152A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-152. PMC 4109779. PMID 25005252.

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