Calymene
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Calymene is a genus of trilobites in the order Phacopida, suborder Calymenina, that are found throughout North America, North Africa, and Europe in primarily Silurian outcrops.[2] Calymene is closely related to Flexicalymene, and both genera are frequently found enrolled.[3] Calymene trilobites are small, typically 2 cm in length. The cephalon is the widest part of the animal and the thorax usually has 13 segments.[4]
The correct genus authorship is Brongniart (1822).[5] A previously published genus description in Desmarest (1816)[6] (often mis-cited as "Calymena" Desmarest, 1817) was suppressed by ICZN Opinion 1433.
Etymology
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Calymene - meaning beautiful crescent as a reference to the glabella.[citation needed]
Known species and locations
- †Calymene blumenbachii, Dudley, England - Type[1][7]
- †Calymene brevicapitata, N. and S. Wales
- †Calymene breviceps, Indiana and Illinois
- †Calymene celebra, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin.[8][9]
- †Calymene clavicula, Oklahoma
- †Calymene daviesii, Radnorshire, Wales
- †Calymene duplicata, Wales and Ireland
- †Calymene hopkinsoni, Wales
- †Calymene niagarensis, New York
- †Calymene parvifrons, Wales
- †Calymene senaria, N. Wales and Ireland
- †Calymene tristani, Cornwall, England
- †Calymene tuberculata, Gotland, Sweden
- †Calymene vogdesi, Ohio
- †Calymene sp. in the Silurian–Ordovician of Morocco
Reassigned species
Since the genus Calymene was established early on in paleontology, a number of species previously assigned to it have since been transferred to other genera:[10]Page Template:Div col/styles.css has no content.
- C. aculeata = Parasolenopleura aculeata
- C. aequalis = Archegonus aequalis
- C. anchiops = Anchiopella anchiops
- C. arachnoides = Asteropyge arachnoides
- C. arago = Colpocoryphe arago
- C. articulata = Crotalocephalus articulatus
- C. baylei = Metacalymene baylei
- C. bellatula = Cybele bellatula
- C. bufo rana = Phacops rana
- C. calicephala = Orimops calicephala
- C. canaliculata = Solenopleura canaliculata[11]
- C. cambrensis = Flexicalymene cambrensis
- C. caractaci = Flexicalymene caractaci
- C. clavifrons = Cyrtometopus clavifrons
- C. concinna = Proetus concinnus
- C. diademata = Diacalymene diademata
- C. downingiae = Acaste downingiae
- C. frontiloba = Pliomera fischeri
- C. granulata = Phacops granulatus
- C. holometopa = Solenopleura holometopa[11]
- C. marginata = Perliproetus marginata
- C. odini = Chasmops odini
- C. ornata = Ceraurinella ornata[12]
- C. papillata = Papillicalymene papillata
- C. platycephala = Platycoryphe platycephala
- C. polytoma = Pliomera fischeri
- C. sclerops = Pterygometopus sclerops
- C. sinensis = Blackwelderia sinensis
- C. speciosa = Parapilekia speciosa
- C. stenometopa = Acrocephalites stenometopus
- C. stokesii = Phacopidae, generic assignment uncertain[13]
- C. tingi = Calymenesun tingi
- C. tournemini = Placoparia tournemini
- C. tristani = Synhomalonotus tristani
- C. unicornis = Reedocalymene unicornis
- C. variolaris = Balizoma variolaris
- C. verrucosa = Atractopyge verrucosa
- C. volborthi = Ptychometopus volborthi
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Derek J. Siveter (1985). "The type species of Calymene (Trilobita) from the Silurian of Dudley, England" (PDF). Palaeontology. 28 (4): 783–792. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."†Calymene Muenster 1840 (trilobite)". The Paleontology Database. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.John P. Rafferty, ed. (2010). The Paleozoic Era: Diversification of Plant and Animal Life. Geologic History of Earth. Britannica Educational Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61530-196-6.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Milson, C.; Rigby, S. (2004). Fossils at a Glance. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- ^ Brongniart, A. 1822. Les Trilobites. pp. 1-65, pls. 1-4 in: Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés Fossiles. Paris. F.-G. Levrault, Libraire. 154 pp. 11 pls.
- ^ Desmarest, A-G. 1816. Calymène. pp. 49-50 in: Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Edition, Tome 5.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brongniart, Alexandre (1822). Histoire naturelle des crustacés fossiles: sous les rapports zoologiques et géologiques (in français). Chez. F.-G. Levrault.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Calymene celebra Raymond 1916 (trilobite)". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Alex J. Chestnut. "Using morphometrics, phylogenetic systematics and parsimony analysis to gain insight into the evolutionary affinities of the Calymenidae Trilobita". OhioLINK ETD Center. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moore, R. C. (1959). Arthropoda I - Arthropoda General Features, Proarthropoda, Euarthropoda General Features, Trilobitomorpha. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part O. Boulder, Colorado/Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America/University of Kansas Press. pp. 1–560. ISBN 0-8137-3015-5.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Esteve, Jorge (2015). "Systematic revision of the genus Solenopleura Angelin, 1854, Ptychopariida, Trilobita, Cambrian Series 3". Annales de Paléontologie. 101 (3): 185–192. Bibcode:2015AnPal.101..185E. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2015.05.001.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pärnaste, Helje (2004). "Revision of the Ordovician cheirurid trilobite genus Reraspis with the description of the earliest representative" (PDF). Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Geol. 53 (2): 125–138. doi:10.3176/geol.2004.2.03. S2CID 55808470.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ramskjöld, L.; Werdelin, L. (1991). "The phylogeny and evolution of some phacopid trilobites". Cladistics. 7: 29–74. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00021.x.
External links
- Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Henry Woodward (1877). A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms and the Range in Time of Each Genus and Order. Taylor and Francis. pp. 28–29.
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