Canacidae

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Canacidae, incorrectly Canaceidae, or beach flies, surf or surge flies, is a family of Diptera. As of 2010,[3] 307 species in 27 genera.[3][4][5][6] The family now includes Tethininae as a subfamily.

face on view of the head of Canace ranula, Loew
Wing venation

Family description

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For terms see Morphology of Diptera.

Minute (1.6–5 mm) yellow, grey or grey-brown pruinose flies with whitish to greyish markings. The head is large with small antenna bearing bare to pubescent arista. The "mouth" is a large oval opening. There are three or four pairs of orbital bristles on the head directed outward (inset upswept). Postvertical bristles are absent but diverging pseudopostocellar bristles are present. Other head bristles present are ocellar bristles, 2-5 pairs of frontal bristles, curving outward, interfrontal bristles and vibrissae ("whiskers"). The genae are high with 1 or more upcurving bristles. Tibiae are without a dorsal preapical bristle.

The wing is unmarked in almost all species. The costa has a subcostal break; the subcosta is parallel to vein R1 and merging with that vein just before the costa. Tibiae without dorsal preapical bristle.

See [1] Drawings of Canace.

Classification

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Biology

Canacidae are mostly intertidal flies. They are found along sea coasts, on the surface of small water bodies, saline and fresh, at places protected from wind. They feed on Infusoria and other minute organisms.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hendel, Friedrich (1916). "Beiträge zur Systematik der Acalyptraten Musciden (Dipt.)". Entomologische Mitteilungen. 5 (9–12): 294–299. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jones, B.J. (1906). "Catalogue of the Ephydridae, with bibliography and description of new species". University of California Publications in Entomology. 1 (2). University of California, Los Angeles: 153–198.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Munari, Lorenzo; Mathis, Wayne N. (2010). "World Catalog of the Family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2471. Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 1–84. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2471.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mathis, Wayne N. (1992). "World Catalog of the Beach-Fly Family Canacidae (Diptera)". Smithson. Contributions Zool. (Print). 536 (536). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press: 1–18. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.536.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mathis, Wayne N (1998). Papp, L; Darvas, B (eds.). Family Canacidae. Contributions to a Manual of palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 3. Budapest: Science Herald. pp. 251–257.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mathis, Wayne N; Freidberg, A. (1991). "Review of Afrotropical beach flies of the tribe Canacini and subfamily Nocticanacinae (Diptera: Canacidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 93. Washington DC, USA: Entomological Society of Washington: 70–85. ISSN 0013-8797.
  7. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Haliday, A.H. (1837). "New British Insects Indicated in Mr. Curtis's Guide". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 2 (9): 183–190. doi:10.1080/00222933809512369.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mathis, W.N. (1982). "Studies of Canacidae (Diptera), I: Suprageneric revision of the family, with revisions of new tribe Dynomiellini and new genus Isocanace". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 347. Smithsonian: iii+1–29.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cresson, E.T. Jr. (1924). "Descriptions of New Genera and Species of the Dipterous Family Ephydridae, Paper VI". Entomological News. 35 (5): 159–164.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hendel, Friedrich (1914). "Acalyptrate Musciden (Dipt.) III. In, H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute". Supplementa Entomologica. 3: 90–117.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Giordani Soika, A. (1956). "Diagnosi preliminari di nuovi Ephydridae e Canaceidae della Regione etiopica e del Madagascar (Diptera)". Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia. 9: 123–130.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wirth, W.W. (1951). "A revision of the dipterous family Canaceidae". Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 20 (14). Bishop Museum: 245–275.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mathis, W.N.; Munari, L. (1996). "World Catalog of the Family Tethinidae (Diptera)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 584 (584). Smithsonian: iv+1–27. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.584.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Eaton, A.E. (1875). "Breves Dipterarum uniusque Lepidopterarum insulae Kerguelensi indigenarum diagnoses". The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 12: 58–61.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sabrosky, C.W. (1978). "The family position of the peculiar genus Horaismoptera (Diptera: Tethinidae)". Entomologica Germanica. 4 (3–4): 327–336. doi:10.1127/entom.germ/4/1978/327.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hendel, Friedrich (1907). "Neue und interessante Dipteren aus dem kaiserl. Museum in Wien. (Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der acalyptraten Musciden.)". Wiener Entomologische Zeitung. 26: 223–245, 1 pl. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.8886. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Malloch, J.R. (1930). "New Zealand Muscidae Acalyptratae. Family Helomyzidae. (Supplement)". Records of the Canterbury Museum. 3: 333–344.
  18. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mathis, W.N. (1982). "Description of a new species of Nocticanace Malloch (Diptera: Canacidae) from Sri Lanka with notes on two related species". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 84 (3). The Entomological Society of Washington: 421–425.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Munari, Lorenzo (1986). "Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tethinidae afrotropicali. II. Considerazioni tassonomiche sulla sottofamiglia Horaismopterinae Sabr. e descrizione di un genere e due specie nuove (Diptera, Tethinidae)". Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali - Lavori. 11: 41–52.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hendel, Friedrich (1934). "Revision der Tethiniden (Dipt. Muscid. acal.)". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 77. Amsterdam: Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging: 37–54.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Munari, Lorenzo (2000). "Beach Flies from South-Western coast of Australia, with Descriptions of a New Genus and Two New Species (Diptera Tethinidae)". Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 132 (3): 237–248.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Malloch, John Russel (1914). "Formosan Agromyzidae" (PDF). Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici. 12: 306–336. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  23. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Munari, Lorenzo (2004). "Beach Flies (Diptera: Tethinidae: Tethininae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of two new genera and ten new species" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 56 (1). Australian Museum, Sydney: 29–56. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.56.2004.1395. ISSN 0067-1975. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Freidberg, A. (1995). "A study of Zaleinae, a taxon transitional between Canacidae and Tethinidae (Diptera), with the description of a new genus and species". Entomologica Scandinavica. 26 (4): 447–457. doi:10.1163/187631295x00107.

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