Caribbean pine

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Pinus caribaea var. caribaea, Pinar del Río, Cuba
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Varieties[1]
  • Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis (Griseb.) W.H.Barrett & Golfari
  • Pinus caribaea var. caribaea
  • Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Sénécl.) W.H.Barrett & Golfari
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Natural range of Pinus caribaea
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Synonyms

Pinus hondurensis Sénéclauze (but see text)

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The Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea) is a hard pine species native to Central America, southeastern Mexico, and the northern West Indies (in Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Turks and Caicos Islands). It belongs to subsection Australes in subgenus Pinus. It inhabits tropical and subtropical coniferous forests such as Bahamian pineyards, in both lowland savannas and montane forests.

Taxonomy

As of 2026, the species has three accepted varieties:[1]

  • Pinus caribaea var. caribaea – Caribbean pine, pino macho, pitch pine (Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud in western Cuba)
  • Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis (Grisebach) W.H.Barrett & Golfari – Bahamas pine, Caicos pine (The Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands)
  • Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Sénéclauze) W.H.Barrett & Golfari – Honduras pine, Nicaragua pine (states of Quintana Roo and the Yucatán in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua). Treated a separate species, Pinus hondurensis Sénéclauze, by some authors.[3] It differs markedly from vars. caribaea and bahamensis in having larger cones with a prominent transverse ridge on the apophyses and stouter spike-like umbo (rather than small prickles),[3][4][5] and in the seedlings retaining glaucous single juvenile leaves for nine months to a year or more, as opposed to three to four months in the other two varieties.[5] The seedling growth rate is also significantly faster.[5]

Distribution

It has been proposed that the pines of Australes subsection (of which Caribbean pine is part) arrived to the Caribbean basin from the southeastern United States.[6] Regarding the population in the Bahamas, it has been proposed that this species emigrated into the region from Florida four or five thousand years ago, long after the end of the Ice Age, as the climate became wetter. Based on fossil species assemblages it is believed that the environment on the Bahamas was much less forested and a dry savannah during the glacial maximum some 18,000 years ago when the sea level was some 120 metres (390 feet) lower than it is today.[7][8]

Paleoclimatic[9] and genetic data[10] have been used to propose that P. caribaea ultimately originated in Central America. According to chloroplast genetic data, P. caribaea lineages colonized the Caribbean islands from populations in Central America at least twice (one leading to Cuban populations and another leading to the populations on the Bahamas).[10]

Fossils are known from the Pleistocene of Florida.[11]

Ecology

Periodic wildfires play a major role in the distribution of this species; this tree regenerates quickly and aggressively, replacing broadleaf trees after fires. In zones without fires, the succession continues and the pine forest is replaced by tropical broadleaf forest. The young pines require bright sunlight to grow, and are resistant to fire once they mature.[12][13]

Conservation

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, this species as a whole is considered of least concern,[2][14] but two of the three varieties are considered endangered (var. caribaea)[15] or vulnerable (var. bahamensis).[16]

Uses

Lumber and pulpwood from this tree shipped to Florida is the main export of the Abaco Islands.[17]

The Uverito forest in Venezuela, located between the states of Anzoátegui and Monagas, is the largest artificial forest in the world planted by man, with around 600,000 hectares of Caribbean pine forest plantations.

References

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  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pinus caribaea Morelet". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 March 2026.
  2. ^ a b Template:Cite iucn
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Businský, Roman (2008). "The Genus Pinus L., Pines – contribution to knowledge". Acta Pruhoniciana (in čeština). 88: 1–126.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Loock, E. E. M. (1950). The Pines of Mexico and British Honduras. Government Printer. pp. 210–213. OCLC 3510213.
  5. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lückhoff, H. A. (1964). "The natural distribution, growth and botanical variation of Pinus caribaea and its cultivation in South Africa". Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch. 39 (1): 3–108.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Adams, D. C.; Jackson, J. F. (1997). "A phylogenetic analysis of the southern pines (Pinus subsect. Australes Loudon): biogeographical and ecological implications". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 110 (4): 681–692. Retrieved 7 October 2025 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Olson, Storrs L.; Pregill, Gregory K. (1982). "Fossil Vertebrates from the Bahamas — Introduction to the Paleontology of Bahaman Vertebrates" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 48: 1–7. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.48.1. S2CID 4838349. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pregill, Gregory K. (1982). "Fossil Vertebrates from the Bahamas — Fossil Amphibians and Reptiles from New Providence Island, Bahamas" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 48: 19–20. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dvorak, W. S.; Hamrick, J. L.; Gutierrez, E. A. (2005). "The origin of Caribbean pine in the seasonal swamps of the Yucatán". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 166 (6): 985–994. doi:10.1086/449314.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jardón-Barbolla, L.; Delgado-Valerio, P.; Geada-López, G.; Vázquez-Lobo, A.; Pinero, D. (2011). "Phylogeography of Pinus subsection Australes in the Caribbean Basin". Annals of Botany. 107 (2): 229–241. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq232.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Berry, Edward W. (October 1917). "The Fossil Plants from Vero, Florida". The Journal of Geology. 25 (7): 661–666. doi:10.1086/622533. ISSN 0022-1376.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vázquez-Yanes, C.; Batis Muñoz, A. I.; Alcocer Silva, M. I.; Gual Díaz, M. & Sánchez Dirzo, C. (1999). "Árboles y arbustos potencialmente valiosos para la restauración ecológica y la reforestación" (PDF) (in español).
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ecosystems Of The Bahamas". The Commonwealth of The Bahamas. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pinus caribaea (pino macho) description - The Gymnosperm Database". www.conifers.org. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  15. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  16. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bower, Paul (1997). "Abaco Islands". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. I A to Ameland (First ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier. p. 4.

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