Chaetodon
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Chaetodon is a tropical fish genus in the family Chaetodontidae. Like their relatives, they are known as "butterflyfish". This genus is by far the largest among the Chaetodontidae, with about 90 living species included here,[1] though most might warrant recognition as distinct genera.
Taxonomy
Proposed subgenera
Several subgenera have been proposed for splitting out of this group. It is becoming clear how the genus might be split up, with a range[2][3] of DNA sequence data in large parts agreeing with S.D. Blum's landmark 1988 phylogenetic assessment of osteology.[4]
Basically, a core group around the type species Chaetodon capistratus would remain in Chaetodon, while maybe four clades would be split off. These could use the names Lepidochaetodon, Megaprotodon and Rabdophorus, and there is one unnamed group containing the three-banded butterflyfish (C. robustus) and its relatives. But the monophyly of the Lepidochaetodon group is not fully established; it is both unclear whether Rhombochaetodon is a lineage distinct from Exornator, and whether Lepidochaetodon is indeed closer to these than to any other Chaetodon, particularly to some lineages otherwise placed in Megaprotodon.[2]
Prognathodes, for some time contained in Chaetodon, is worthy of recognition as full genus, as is Roa.[5]
Historically, more distantly related fish were placed in Chaetodon too, for resembling them in details – e.g. the common scat Scatophagus argus, which has a similar shape and size, as well as armored larvae like the Chaetodontidae – or simply because they are colorful, smallish, and unusual-looking – e.g. the quite unrelated paradise fish, as C. chinensis.
The classification proposed in Fessler and Westneat is based on the species of Chaetodon they sampled and these sorted into the following clades:[2]
| Clade 1 | Clade 2 | Clade 3 | Clade 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
Extant species
There are currently 87 recognized species in this genus:[6]
Chaetodon sensu stricto
| Species | Common name | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Chaetodon capistratus Linnaeus, 1758 | Foureye butterflyfish | File:Four-Eye Butterflyfish (8422762054).jpg |
| Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch, 1787 | Spotfin butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon ocellatus 471573035.jpg |
| Chaetodon striatus Linnaeus, 1758 | Banded butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon striatus Brasil.jpg |
C. robustus group
| Species | Common name | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Chaetodon hoefleri Steindachner, 1881 | Four-banded butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon hoefleri.jpg |
| Chaetodon robustus Günther, 1860 | Three-banded butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon robustus 256535323.jpg |
Lepidochaetodon group
*Nota bene: including Burgessius, Heterochaetodon and possibly Rhombochaetodon; tentatively placed here.
| Species | Common name | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Chaetodon daedalma D. S. Jordan & Fowler, 1902 | Wrought-iron butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon daedalma 1 (cropped).jpg |
| Chaetodon interruptus C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 | Yellow teardrop butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon interruptus, Reunión (cropped).jpg |
| Chaetodon kleinii Bloch, 1790 | Sunburst butterflyfish,
black-lipped butterflyfish, Klein's butterflyfish |
File:Blacklip butterflyfish (Chaetodon kleinii) (41861411282).jpg |
| Chaetodon litus J. E. Randall & D. K. Caldwell, 1973 | Easter Island butterflyfish | File:Easter Island butterflyfish.jpg |
| Chaetodon nippon Steindachner & Döderlein (de), 1883 | Japanese butterflyfish | File:ShirakoDI.jpg |
| Chaetodon smithi J. E. Randall, 1975 | Smith's butterflyfish | |
| Chaetodon trichrous Günther, 1874 | Tahiti butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon trichrous 301384831 (cropped).jpg |
| Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 | Teardrop butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon unimaculatus Teardrop Butterflyfish Fiji by Nick Hobgood.jpg |
*Nota bene: including Tifia. C. daedalma, C. litus, C. nippon, and C. smithi are tentatively placed here.
Nota bene: including Roaops, might belong in Exornator; tentatively placed here. C. blackburnii, C. declivis, C. flavocoronatus, C. mitratus, and C. tinkeri tentatively placed here.
Megaprotodon group
| Species | Common name | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Chaetodon meyeri Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 | Scrawled butterflyfish | File:Meyer's Butterflyfish - Chaetodon meyeri.jpg |
| Chaetodon ornatissimus G. Cuvier, 1831 | Ornate butterflyfish | File:Ornate butterflyfish (Chaetodon ornatissimus) - 49150550068.jpg |
| Chaetodon reticulatus G. Cuvier, 1831 | Mailed butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon reticulatus.jpg |
Nota bene: tentatively placed here.
| Species | Common name | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Chaetodon austriacus Rüppell, 1836 | Blacktail butterflyfish,
exquisite butterflyfish |
File:Pez mariposa de cola negra (Chaetodon austriacus), mar Rojo, Egipto, 2023-04-14, DD 53.jpg |
| Chaetodon lunulatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 | Redfin butterflyfish,
oval butterflyfish |
File:Redfin butterflyfish (Chaetodon lunulatus) - 49150550073.jpg |
| Chaetodon melapterus Guichenot, 1863 | Arabian butterflyfish | File:Pez mariposa arábigo (Chaetodon melapterus), islas Ad Dimaniyat, Omán, 2024-08-13, DD 93.jpg |
| Chaetodon trifasciatus M. Park, 1797 | Indian redfin butterflyfish,
melon butterflyfish |
File:Chaetodon trifasciatus 473229823.jpg |
Nota bene: tentatively placed here.
| Species | Common name | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Chaetodon aureofasciatus W. J. Macleay, 1878 | Golden butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon aureofasciatus 449595585.jpg |
| Chaetodon octofasciatus Bloch, 1787 | Eightband butterflyfish | File:Pez mariposa de ocho franjas (Chaetodon octofasciatus), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-21, DD 52.jpg |
| Chaetodon rainfordi McCulloch, 1923 | Rainford's butterflyfish | File:ChaetodRainfordiMarkMShepherd.jpg |
| Chaetodon tricinctus Waite, 1901 | Three-striped butterflyfish | File:ChaetodonTricinctusRLS.jpg |
Nota bene: C. tricinctus tentatively placed here in Discochaetodon.
| Species | Common name | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Chaetodon baronessa G. Cuvier, 1829 | Eastern triangle butterflyfish | File:Eastern triangular butterflyfish (Chaetodon baronessa) (32396205277).jpg |
| Chaetodon larvatus G. Cuvier, 1831 | Hooded butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon larvatus at Red Sea Aquarium by Hatem Moushir 1.JPG |
| Chaetodon triangulum G. Cuvier, 1831 | Triangle butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon triangulum 475208226.jpg |
Nota bene: tentatively placed here.
| Species | Common name | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 | Chevron butterflyfish,
triangulate butterflyfish, V-lined butterflyfish |
File:Pez mariposa Chevrón (Chaetodon trifascialis), parque nacional Ras Muhammad, Egipto, 2022-03-30, DD 32.jpg |
| Species | Common name | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Chaetodon andamanensis Kuiter & Debelius (de), 1999 | Andaman butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon andamanensis 296010187.jpg |
| Chaetodon bennetti G. Cuvier, 1831 | Bluelashed butterflyfish | File:Bep chaetodon bennetti.jpg |
| Chaetodon plebeius G. Cuvier, 1831 | Blue-blotched butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon plebeius en Lizard Island 2.jpg |
| Chaetodon speculum G. Cuvier, 1831 | Mirror butterflyfish | File:Oval-spot butterflyfish (Chaetodon speculum) (47285644472).jpg |
| Chaetodon zanzibarensis Playfair (fr), 1867 | Zanzibar butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon zanzibarensis Réunion (cropped).JPG |
Nota bene: C. andamanensis is tentatively placed here in Tetrachaetodon.
Rabdophorus group
Nota bene: Including Aspilurochaetodon and Chaetodontops. C. auripes, C. gardineri, C. leucopleura, C. nigropunctatus, and C. xanthocephalus are tentatively placed in this group.
Incertae sedis
| Species | Common name | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Chaetodon assarius Waite, 1905 | West Australian butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon assarius RLS.jpg |
| Chaetodon dialeucos Salm & Mee, 1989 | Oman butterflyfish | |
| Chaetodon humeralis Günther, 1860 | Threebanded butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon humeralis 508709618.jpg |
| Chaetodon marleyi Regan, 1921 | Doublesash butterflyfish | File:Chaetodon marleyi 15698792.jpg |
| Chaetodon sanctaehelenae Günther, 1868 | Saint Helena butterflyfish |
Nota bene: most are probably either Chaetodon sensu stricto or C. robustus group.
Fossil species
The following fossil species are known:[7]
- Subgenus †Arambourgchaetodon[8]
- †Chaetodon ficheuri Arambourg, 1927 (Late Miocene of Algeria)
- Subgenus †Blumchaetodon
- †Chaetodon wattsi Marramà, Giusberti & Carnevale, 2022 (Early Oligocene of Italy)
The species Chaetodon penniger Bogachev, 1964 from the late Oligocene of Azerbaijan cannot be confidently assigned to this genus due to the incompleteness of the fossil.[7]
Evolution & fossil record
The earliest confirmed specimens of Chaetodon are from Early Oligocene-aged coral reef deposits of Italy, belonging to the extinct species Chaetodon wattsi. This fossil is roughly concurrent when the family is thought to have radiated into its modern genus diversity. Indeterminate Chaetodon fossil specimens (including both articulated specimens and otoliths) referred to Chaetodon hoefleri are known from the Late Oligocene of Slovenia and the mid-late Miocene of Poland.[7]
As it is not easy to distinguish this genus from close relatives, it may be that some Oligocene fossils are actually of other Chaetodontidae. The fossil record of this family is scant, with only Chelmon (or some similar genus like Chelmonops or Coradion) being known from Miocene remains. As even crude molecular clocks suggest that the ancestors of the Chaetodon and the Chelmops lineage diverged in the Late Eocene already, nothing more can be said without new fossils being discovered.[9][10]
Footnotes
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- ^ FishBase (2006)
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fessler, Jennifer L.; Westneat, Mark W (2007). "Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 50–68. Bibcode:2007MolPE..45...50F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.018. PMID 17625921.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hsu, Kui-Ching; Chen, Jeng-Ping & Shao, Kwang-Tsao (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of Chaetodon (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement. 14: 77–86. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ Blum (1988)
- ^ Kuiter, R. H. 2004. Description of a new species of butterflyfish, Roa australis, from northwestern Australia (Pisces: Perciformes: Chaetodontidae). Records of the Australian Museum v. 56 (no. 2): 167-171.
- ^ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Marrama', Giuseppe; Giusberti, Luca; Carnevale, Giorgio (2022-04-28). "A Rupelian Coral Reef Fish Assemblage from the Venetian Southern Alps (Berici Hills, Ne Italy)". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 128 (2) 16601. Bibcode:2022RIPS..12816601M. doi:10.54103/2039-4942/16601. hdl:11577/3443920. ISSN 2039-4942.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.CARNEVALE, GIORGIO (2006-02-01). "Morphology and biology of the Miocene butterflyfish Chaetodon ficheuri (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 146 (2): 251–267. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00203.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
- ^ Sepkoski (2002), Fessler & Westneat (2007)
- ^ Paleobiology Database
References
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- Blum, S. D. (1988): Osteology and Phylogeny of the Chaetodontidae (Pisces: Perciformes). University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
- Fessler, Jennifer L. & Westneat, Mark W. (2007): Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45(1): 50–68. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- Hsu, Kui-Ching; Chen, Jeng-Ping & Shao, Kwang-Tsao (2007): Molecular phylogeny of Chaetodon (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 14: 77-86. PDF fulltext
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002): [Chaetodon]. In: A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. HTML database excerpt
External links
- Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons
- Template:Wikispecies-inline
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