Chalybes
The Chalybes (/ˈkælɪbiːz/; Template:Langx; Georgian: Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Chaldoi (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) were peoples mentioned by classical authors as living in Pontus and Cappadocia in northern Anatolia during Classical Antiquity. Their territory was known as Chaldia, extending from the Halys River to Pharnakeia and Trabzon in the east and as far south as eastern Anatolia. According to Apollonius of Rhodes, the Chalybes were Scythians.[1]
Background and history
The Chaldoi, Chalybes, Mossynoikoi, and Tibareni, are counted among the first ironsmith nations by classical authors.[2] Script error: No such module "Lang"., the tribe's name in Ancient Greek, means "tempered iron, steel", a term that passed into Latin as Script error: No such module "Lang"., "steel". Sayce derived the Greek name Script error: No such module "lang". from Hittite Script error: No such module "lang"., "land of Halys River".[3] More than an identifiable people or tribe, "Chalybes" was a generic Greek term for "peoples of the Black Sea coast who trade in iron"[4] or "a group of specialised metalworkers".[5]
The main sources for the history of the Chaldoi are accounts from classical authors, including Homer, Strabo, and Xenophon. Xenophon encountered them during the march of the Ten Thousand to the Black Sea and describes them in his Anabasis as "the most valiant of all the peoples [the Ten Thousand] passed through, and would come to hand-to-hand encounter." He reports that they dwelt in strongholds.[6] In Xenophon's Cyropaedia, Cyrus the Great helps the Armenians and Chaldians resolve a dispute over agricultural land.[7]
In Roman times, the Chaldaei (homonymous but unrelated to the Semitic ChaldeansLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[8]) and Chalybes are mentioned by Plutarch (Lucull. c. 14) as settled in Pontus and Cappadocia, or the Pontus Cappadocicus section of the Roman province of Pontus.
Pliny the Elder mentioned the Armenochalybes, a tribe residing between Trebizond and Armenia.[9]
Despite the ancient Greeks connecting the Chalybes to Scythians, some modern historians argue the Chalybes were a Georgian tribe. Historian Kalistrat Salia claims the Georgian ethnicity of the Chalybes is "indisputable". According to Sallia, the Zans, a Kartvelian ethnic group from present-day Turkey, are their descendants.[10] According to the 7th-century Geography of Armenia, the Chaldians called the Black Sea Kakamar, which may have an Indo-European etymology (the Greek root kak- 'ill' + mar, the Indo-European root for 'sea').[11]
See also
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Apollonius Rhodius. Edward P. Coleridge (ed.). The Argonautica. Translated by R. Merkel. pp. 49, 65 – via University of Michigan Library.
- ^ Strabo, xi., 14.5
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vassaleva, Maya (31 December 1998). "Greek Ideas of the North and the East". In Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.). The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 74. ISBN 978-3515073028. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Diakonoff, I. M. (1984). The Pre-History of the Armenian People. Translated by Lori Jennings; with revisions by the author. Delmar, N.Y.: Caravan Books. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9780882060392.
[…] the Greeks evidently used the name Chalybes for all of the inhabitants of the Pontus who traded in iron ore (see Pauly, s.v. Chalybes); in some cases we might suspect that the Moschi (in Pontus) and/or the Chalybes were foreign designations for the Chaldians (Haliṭu, Xałtikʻ) who actually did live between the Tibareni in the west, the Mosynoeci in the north, and the Matieni in the southeast.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L.; Gilmour, Brian J.J.; Khakhutaishvili, Nana (2020). "The metal behind the myths: iron metallurgy in the south-eastern Black Sea region". Antiquity. 94 (374): 401–419. doi:10.15184/aqy.2020.16. S2CID 216245696.
- ^ Xenophon. Anabasis. Book 4, Chapter 7, Sections 15–17
- ^ Xenophon. Cyropaedia. Book 3, Chapter 2
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Paradeisopoulos, Iordanis K. (2013). "A Chronology Model for Xenophon's Anabasis". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 53: 662.
- ^ Pliny. The Natural History. Book 6. Chapter 10
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Salia, Kalistrat (1983). History of the Georgian Nation. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin. p. 181.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. pp. 27–28.
Bibliography
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kavtaradze, Giorgi Leon (1996). "Probleme der historischen Geographie Anatoliens und Transkaukasiens im ersten Jahrtausend v. Chr". Orbis Terrarum (in Deutsch). 2: 191–216.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lang, David Marshall (1966). The Georgians. Ancient Peoples and Places. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 50, 66, 75. ISBN 9780500020494. OCLC 956752.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bittarello, Maria Beatrice (2022). "The Chalybes as an Historical People". Helios. 49 (2): 147–176. Bibcode:2022Helio..49..147B. doi:10.1353/hel.2022.a904791. ISSN 1935-0228.
