Chipewyan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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A Chipewyan woman and child set out to hunt muskrat in Garson Lake, Saskatchewan.
Total population
30,910 (2016 census)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Canada
Saskatchewan12,875
Northwest Territories7,820
Alberta6,350
Manitoba1,905
British Columbia1,225
Languages
English, Denesuline
Religion
Christianity, Animism
Related ethnic groups
Dene, Yellowknives, Tłı̨chǫ, Slavey, Sahtu

The Chipewyan (/ˌtʃɪpəˈwaɪən/ Script error: No such module "Respell"., also called the Dënesųłı̨né Script error: No such module "IPA".), are a Dene group of Indigenous Canadian people belonging to the Athabaskan language family, whose ancestors are identified with the Taltheilei Shale archaeological tradition.[2][3][4] They are part of the Northern Athabascan group of peoples, and hail from what is now Western Canada.

Terminology

File:Kids by canoe - Dene - La Loche Sask 1943.jpg
Denesuline children by canoe in La Loche

The name Dënesųłı̨né, also written Denésoliné or Dënë Sųłınë́, means "the original/real people".[5][6] The term Chipewyan (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is an exonym from the Cree language meaning 'pointed hides', referring to the design of their parkas.[7]

The French-speaking missionaries to the northwest of the Red River Colony referred to the Chipewyan people as Montagnais in their documents written in French.[8] Montagnais simply means 'mountain people' or 'highlanders' in French and has been applied to many unrelated nations across North America over time. For example, the missionaries also referred to the Neenolino Innu of northern Quebec as Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Ethnography

Historically, the Denesuline were allied to some degree with the southerly Cree peoples. They warred against Inuit and other Dene peoples to the north of Chipewyan lands.

An important historic Denesuline is Thanadelthur ("Marten Jumping"), a young woman who early in the 18th century helped her people to establish peace with the Cree, and to get involved in the fur trade.[9]

The Sayisi Dene of northern Manitoba are a Chipewyan band notable for hunting migratory caribou. They were historically located at Little Duck Lake and known as the "Duck Lake Dene".

In 1956, the government forcibly relocated them to the port of Churchill on the shore of Hudson Bay and a small village north of Churchill called North Knife River. There they joined other Dene and became members of the "Fort Churchill Chipewyan Band".

In the 1970s, the "Duck Lake Dene" opted for self-reliance, and a return to caribou hunting. They relocated to Tadoule Lake, legally becoming recognized as "Sayisi Dene First Nation (Tadoule Lake, Manitoba)" in the 1990s.[10][11]

Culture

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Chipewyan used to be largely nomadic, organized into small bands and temporarily lived in tepees. They wore one-piece pants and moccasin outfits. However, their nomadic lifestyle began to erode in 1717 when they encountered English settlers. The Chipewyan subsequently became important in the subarctic trade by exchanging furs and hides for metal tools, guns and cloth.[12]

Modern Chipewyan are either fluidly sedentary or semi-nomadic in lifestyle. Many still practice their traditional lifestyle for subsistence including fishing or caribou hunting although this process is modernized with the use of modern nets, tools, transportation and more.[12]

Language

File:Chipewyan map.svg
Historical distribution of the Denesuline language

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PeopleDënë Sųłinë́
ᑌᓀ ᓱᒼᕄᓀ
LanguageDënë Sųłinë́ Yatıé
ᑌᓀ ᓱᒼᕄᓀ ᔭᕠᐁ
CountryDënë Sųłinë́ Nëné,
ᑌᓀᓱᐠᒼᕄᓀ ᓀᓀ,
     Denendeh
     ᑌᓀᐣᑌᐧ

Denesuline (Chipewyan) speak the Denesuline language, of the Athabaskan linguistic group. Denesuline is spoken by Indigenous peoples in Canada whose name for themselves is a cognate of the word Script error: No such module "Lang". ("people"): Script error: No such module "Lang". (or Script error: No such module "Lang".). Speakers of the language speak different dialects but understand each other. There is a 'k', t dialect that most people speak. For example, people in Fond du lac, Script error: No such module "Lang". speak the 'k' and say Script error: No such module "Lang". while others who use the 't' say Script error: No such module "Lang"..

The name Chipewyan is, like many people of the Canadian Prairies, of Algonquian origin. It is derived from the Plains Cree name for them, Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), "pointed skin", from Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), "to be pointed"; and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), "skin" or "hide" - a reference to the cut and style of Chipewyan parkas.[13]

Most Chipewyan people now use Dene and Denesuline to describe themselves and their language. The Saskatchewan communities of Fond-du-Lac,[14] Black Lake[15] and Wollaston Lake[16] are a few.

Despite the superficial similarity of the names, the Chipewyan are not related to the Chippewa (Ojibwe) people.

In 2015, Shénë Gahdële-Valpy (Shene Catholique-Valpy at the time), a Chipewyan woman in the Northwest Territories, challenged the territorial government over its refusal to permit her to use the letter ⟨ʔ⟩ in her daughter's name, Sahą́ı̨́ʔą (Sahaiʔa without diacritics). The territory argued that territorial and federal identity documents were unable to accommodate the letter. Sahaiʔa's mother finally registered her name with a hyphen in place of the ⟨ʔ⟩, while continuing to challenge the policy.[17] Shortly afterwards, another woman named Andrea Heron also challenged the territory on the same grounds, for refusing to accept the letter ⟨ʔ⟩ in her daughter's Slavey name, Sakaeʔah (actually a cognate of Sahaiʔa).[18] Náʔël, the sister of Sahą́ı̨́ʔą, faces the same issues.[19][20]

Demographics

Chipewyan peoples live in the region spanning the western Canadian Shield to the Northwest Territories, including northern parts of the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan. There are also many burial and archaeological sites in Nunavut which are part of the Dënesųłı̨ne group.

The following list of First Nations band governments had in August 2016 a total registered membership of 25,519, with 11,315 in Saskatchewan, 6,952 in Alberta, 3,038 in Manitoba and 4,214 in the Northwest Territories. All had Denesuline populations; however, several had a combination of Cree and Denesuline members (see the Barren Lands First Nation in Manitoba and the Fort McMurray First Nation in Alberta).

There are also many Dene (Dënesųlı̨ne)-speaking Métis communities located throughout the region. The Saskatchewan village of La Loche, for example, had 2,300 residents who in the 2011 census identified as speaking Dene (Denesuline) as their native language.[21] About 1,800 of the residents were Métis and about 600 were members of the Clearwater River Dene Nation.[22]

Commemorations

The relocation of the Sayisi Dene is commemorated by the Dene Memorial in Churchill, Manitoba.[23]

Historical Chipewyan regional groups

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Villages in Canada with a Denesuline speaking population

Lua error in Module:Location_map/multi at line 27: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Canada Saskatchewan" does not exist. The Chipewyan moved in small groups or bands, consisting of several extended families, alternating between winter and summer camps. The groups participated in hunting, trapping, fishing and gathering in Canada's boreal forest and around the many lakes of their territory. Later, with the emerging North American fur trade, they organized into several major regional groups in the vicinity of the European trading posts to control, as middleman, the carrying trade in furs and the hunting of fur-bearing animals. The new social groupings also enabled the Chipewyan to dominate their Dene neighbours and to better defend themselves against their rifle-armed Cree enemies, who were advancing to the Peace River and Lake Athabasca.

  • Kaí-theli-ke-hot!ínne (K'aı́tëlı́ hót'ı̨ne) ('willow flat-country up they-dwell') lived on the western shore of Lake Athabasca at Fort Chipewyan. Their tribal area extended northward to Fort Smith on the Slave River and south to Fort McMurray on the Athabasca River[24]
  • Kés-ye-hot!ínne (K'ësyëhót'ı̨ne) ('aspen house they-dwell' or 'poplar house they-dwell') lived on the upper reaches of the Churchill River, along the Lac Île-à-la-Crosse, Methye Portage, Cold Lake, Heart Lake and Onion Lake. The tribal name is probably a description of adjacent Chipewyan groups for this major regional group and takes literally reference to the Lac Ile à la Crosse established European trading forts which were built with Poplar or Aspen wood.
  • Hoteladi Hótthę̈nádé dëne ('northern people') lived north of the Kés-ye-hot!ínne between Cree Lake, west of Reindeer Lake on the south and on the east shore of Lake Athabasca in the north.
  • Hâthél-hot!inne (Hátthëlót'ı̨ne) ('lowland they-dwell') lived in the Reindeer Lake (ɂëtthën tué) region which drains south into the Churchill River.
  • Etthen eldili dene (Etthén heldélį Dené, Ethen-eldeli - 'Caribou-Eaters') lived in the taiga east of Lake Athabasca far east to Hudson Bay, at Reindeer Lake, Hatchet Lake, Wollaston Lake and Lac Brochet
  • Kkrest'ayle kke ottine ('dwellers among the quaking aspens' or 'trembling aspen people') lived in the boreal forests between Great Slave Lake in the south and Great Bear Lake in the north.
  • Sayisi Dene (Saı́yısı́ dëne) (or Saw-eessaw-dinneh - 'people of the east') traded at Fort Chipewyan. Their hunting and tribal areas extended between Lake Athabasca and Great Slave Lake, and along the Churchill River.
  • Gáne-kúnan-hot!ínne (Gąnı̨ kuę hót'ı̨ne) ('jack-pine home they-dwell') lived in the taiga east of Lake Athabasca and were particularly centred along the eastern Fond-du-Lac area.
  • Des-nèdhè-kkè-nadè (Dësnëdhé k'e náradé dëne) (Desnedekenade, Desnedhé hoį́é nadé hot'įnę́ - 'people along the great river') were also known as Athabasca Chipewyan. They lived between Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca along the Slave River near Fort Resolution (Denı́nu Kų́ę́[25] — 'moose Island').
  • Thilanottine (Tthı́lą́ne hót'ı̨ne) (Tu tthílá hot'įnę́ — 'those who dwell at the head of the lakes' or 'people of the end of the head') lived along the lakes of the Upper Churchill River area, along the Churchill River and Athabasca River, from Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca in the north to Cold Lake and Lac La Biche in the southwest.[26]
  • Tandzán-hot!ínne (Tálzą́hót'ı̨ne) ('dwellers at the dirty lake', also known as Dení-nu-eke-tówe - 'moose island up lake-on') lived on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake and along the Yellowknife River, and before their expulsion by the Tłı̨chǫ along the Coppermine River. They were often regarded as a Chipewyan group, but form as "Yellowknives" historically an independent First Nation and called themselves T'atsaot'ine (T'átsąnót'ı̨ne).

Governance

The Dënesųłı̨ne people are part of many band governments spanning Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.

Alberta

Denesuline peoples in Alberta
Tribal council First Nations Headquarters Reserves Area Population Notes and references
Athabasca Tribal Council Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation
(K'ai Taile Dené)		 Fort Chipewyan
(K'aı́tël koę)		 Chipewyan 201
Chipewyan 201A
Chipewyan 201B
Chipewyan 201C
Chipewyan 201D
Chipewyan 201E
Chipewyan 201F
Chipewyan 201G		 Template:Cvt 1,533 Tribal council, name and HQ,[27] reserves and area,[28] population (February 2025)[29]
Athabasca Tribal Council Fort McKay First Nation Fort McKay Fort McKay 174
Fort McKay 174C
Fort McKay 174D
Namur Lake 174B
Namur River 174A		 Template:Cvt 1,042 Tribal council, name and HQ,[30] reserves and area,[31] population (February 2025)[32]
Athabasca Tribal Council Chipewyan Prairie First Nation
(Tł'ógh tëlı́ dënesųłı̨ne)		 Chard Cowper Lake 194A
Janvier 194
Winefred Lake 194B		 Template:Cvt 1,018 Tribal council, name and HQ,[33] reserves and area,[34] population (February 2025)[35]
Athabasca Tribal Council Fort McMurray First Nation
(Tthı̨dłı̨ kuę́)		 Fort McMurray Clearwater 175
Gregoire Lake 176
Gregoire Lake 176A
Gregoire Lake 176B		 Template:Cvt 1,153 Tribal council, name and HQ,[36] reserves and area,[37] population (February 2025)[38]
Athabasca Tribal Council Mikisew Cree First Nation
(ᒥᑭᓯᐤ)		 Fort Chipewyan
(K'aı́tël koę)		 Allison Bay 219
Charles Lake 225
Collin Lake 223
Cornwall Lake 224
Devil's Gate 220
Dog Head 218
Old Fort 217
Peace Point 222
Sandy Point 221		 Template:Cvt 3,281 Despite the name, the population of this band is mixed with a "little over fifty percent" having Chipewyan ancestry in 2020 according to a former chief, whose own mother was Dene.[39] Name and HQ,[40] reserves and area,[41] population (February 2025)[42]
Tribal Chiefs Ventures Incorporated Cold Lake First Nations
(Łué chógh tué)		 Cold Lake Cold Lake 149
Cold Lake 149A
Cold Lake 149B
Cold Lake 149C
Blue Quills		 Template:Cvt 3,347 Tribal council, name and HQ,[43] reserves and area,[44] population (February 2025)[45]
Akaitcho Territory Government
(Ɂákéchógh nęnę)		 Smith's Landing First Nation
(Tthëbátthı́ dënesųłı̨ne)		 Fort Smith
(Tthebacha)[25]		 [[Ɂejëre KTemplate:Hamzaelnı Kuę́ 196I]]
Hokédhe Kué 196E
[[KTemplate:Hamzaı Kué 196D]]
Łı̨ Dezé 196C
Tthebacha Náre 196A
Tthebatthıe 196
[[TsTemplate:Hamzau KTemplate:Hamzaadhe Kué 196F]]
[[TsTemplate:Hamzau Nedhé 196H]]
TsTemplate:Hamzau Kué 196G
Tthejëre Ghaı̨lı̨ 196B		 Template:Cvt 3,347 Headquarters are in the Northwest Territories but all reserves are in Alberta. Tthebacha meaning "beside the rapids" is the traditional Dene name for Fort Smith.[25] Tribal council, name and HQ,[46] reserves and area,[47] population (February 2025)[48]

Manitoba

Denesuline peoples in Manitoba
Tribal council First Nations Headquarters Reserves Area Population Notes and references
Keewatin Tribal Council Barren Lands First Nation
(Brochet Kuę́)		 Brochet Brochet 197
Barren Lands Indian Reserve		 Template:Cvt 1,286 They have a Cree and Dene population. Tribal council, name and HQ,[49] reserves and area,[50] population (February 2025)[51]
Keewatin Tribal Council Northlands Denesuline First Nation
(ᓂ ᗂᘚ ᑌᓀ, Nįh hots’į Dene)		 Lac Brochet
(ᑕᐤᕊ ᕤᐧᐁ, Dahlu T’ua)		 Kasmere Lake B
Kesinltintúwe
Lac Brochet 197A
Luawaychotuwé
Luwechotuwe Parcel B
Luwechotuwe Parcel C
Netelituwe Site C
Nitelitúwe Site E
Nįtxeli Tuwé 1
Nįtxeli Tuwé 2
Nįtxeli Tuwé 4
Putahow Lake Site A
Putahow Lake Site B
Putahow Lake Site C
Putahow Lake Site D
Putahow Lake Site F
Sheth Chok
Tajabanilin
Tatuwe Chok Indian Reserve
Thai Da Re
Thaí Tuwé 2 Indian Reserve
Thaíchonįlįni Indian Reserve
Thaídaré Indian Reserve
Thi Dare Indian Reserve
Thlewiaza River
Thuycholeeni
Thuycholeeni Azé
Thuycholeeni Lake A
Thuycholeeni Lake B
Thuycholeeni Lake C
Tlock Desi Chiye
Tthekalé Nu
Tu Txanįlįni Indian Reserve
Tł’odįzeché Indian Reserve
Yathie Nitaniah
Łuécho Tuwé 1 Indian Reserve		 Template:Cvt 1,216 Tribal council, name and HQ,[52] reserves and area,[53] population (February 2025)[54]
Keewatin Tribal Council Sayisi Dene First Nation Tadoule Lake Churchill 1 Template:Cvt 920 Formerly known as Fort Churchill Indian Band. Tribal council, name and HQ,[55] reserves and area,[56] population (February 2025)[57]

Northwest Territories

Denesuline peoples in the Northwest Territories
Tribal council First Nations Headquarters Reserves / community Area Population Notes and references
Akaitcho Territory Government
(Ɂákéchógh nęnę)		 Deninu Kųę́ First Nation
(Deneh-noo-kweh)		 Fort Resolution
(Denı́nu Kų́ę́)[25]		 Fort Resolution Settlement 0 1,096 Formerly known as Fort Resolution Dene. Denı́nu Kų́ę́ translates as "moose island place"[25] and Deneh-noo-kweh as "People of moose island"' Tribal council, name and HQ,[58] reserves and area,[59] population (February 2025)[60]
Akaitcho Territory Government
(Ɂákéchógh nęnę)		 Łutsël K'é Dene First Nation Łutselk'e
(Łútsę̀lk'é)[25]		 Snowdrift Settlement 0 868 Formerly known as the Snowdrift Band. Łútsę̀lk'é translates as "place of the łútsę̀l", a type of small fish known as a cisco (Coregonus artedi).[25] Tribal council, name and HQ,[61] reserves and area,[62] population (February 2025)[63]
Akaitcho Territory Government
(Ɂákéchógh nęnę)		 Salt River First Nation#195 Fort Smith
(Tthebacha)[25]		 Fitzgerald No. 196
Fort Smith Settlement
Salt Plains 195
Salt River No. 195		 Template:Cvt 1,066 Tthebatthıe 196, formerly Fitzgerald No. 196, is located in Alberta. Tribal council, name and HQ,[64] reserves and area,[65] population (February 2025)[66]
Akaitcho Territory Government
(Ɂákéchógh nęnę)		 Yellowknives Dene First Nation Yellowknife
(Sǫ̀mbak'è) [25]		 Dettah Settlement
Ndilo Settlement
Yellowknife Settlement		 0 1,720 Sǫ̀mbak'è translates as "money place".[25] Tribal council, name and HQ,[67] reserves and area,[68] population (February 2025)[69]

Saskatchewan

Denesuline peoples in Saskatchewan
Tribal council First Nations Headquarters Reserves Area Population Notes and references
MLTC Program Services Inc. Buffalo River Dene Nation
(Ɂëjëre dësché)		 Dillon Peter Pond Lake Indian Reserve No. 193 Template:Cvt 1,775 The reserve is about Template:Cvt northwest of Île-à-la-Crosse (Kuę́ ). Tribal council, name and HQ,[70] reserves and area,[71] population (February 2025)[72]
MLTC Program Services Inc. Clearwater River Dene Nation
(Tı̨tëlase tué)		 Clearwater River Clearwater River Dene Band 221
Clearwater River Dene Band 222
Clearwater River Dene Band 223
La Loche Indian Settlement		 Template:Cvt 3,246 Tribal council, name and HQ,[73] reserves and area,[74] population (February 2025)[75]
MLTC Program Services Inc. English River First Nation Patuanak Cree Lake 192G
Dipper Rapids 192C
Elak Dase 192A
Barkwell Bay 192I
Beauval Forks 192O
Cable Bay 192M
Cable Bay 192N
Flatstone Lake 192L
Haultain Lake 192K
Leaf Rapids 192P
Mawdsley Lake 192R
Slush Lake 192Q
English River 192H
Grasswoods 192J
Île-à-la-Crosse 192E
Knee Lake 192B
La Plonge 192
Primeau Lake 192F
Wapachewunak 192D		 Template:Cvt 1,897 The name originates from the English River where the "poplar house people" (Kés-ye-hot'ı̨në) inhabited the area for periods during the year. Most families, who now reside in Patuanak (Bëghą́nı̨ch'ërë) and La Plonge 192 by Beauval had traditionally lived down river. Tribal council, name and HQ,[76] reserves and area,[77] population (February 2025)[78]
MLTC Program Services Inc. Birch Narrows Dene Nation
(K'ı́t'ádhı̨ká )		 Turnor Lake Turnor Lake 194
Churchill Lake 193A
Turnor Lake 193B		 Template:Cvt 997 Tribal council, name and HQ,[79] reserves and area,[80] population (February 2025)[81]
PADC Management Company Black Lake Denesuline First Nation
(Tázën tué)		 Black Lake Chicken 224
Chicken 225
Chicken 226		 Template:Cvt 2,352 Tribal council, name and HQ,[82] reserves and area,[83] population (February 2025)[84]
PADC Management Company Hatchet Lake Denesuline First Nation
(Tthëłtué)		 Wollaston Lake Lac la Hache 220 Template:Cvt 2,054 Tribal council, name and HQ,[85] reserves and area,[86] population (February 2025)[87]
PADC Management Company Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation Fond du Lac Fond du Lac 227
Fond du Lac 228
Fond du Lac 229
Fond du Lac 231
Fond du Lac 232
Fond du Lac 233		 Template:Cvt 2,287 Tribal council, name and HQ,[88] reserves and area,[89] population (February 2025)[90]

Notable Chipewyan

References

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Further reading

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  • Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation. Footprints on the Land: Tracing the Path of the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation. Fort Chipewyan, Alta: Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, 2003. Template:ISBN
  • Birket-Smith, Kaj. Contributions to Chipewyan Ethnology. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1930.
  • Bone, Robert M., Earl N. Shannon, and Stewart Raby. The Chipewyan of the Stony Rapids Region; A Study of Their Changing World with Special Attention Focused Upon Caribou. Mawdsley memoir, 1. Saskatoon: Institute for Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 1973. Template:ISBN
  • Bussidor, Ila, Usten Bilgen-Reinart. "Night Spirits: The Story of the Relocation of the Sayisi Dene." University of Manitoba Press, 16 March 2000. (Memoir of a Dene Woman's experiences in Churchill, Manitoba.)
  • Clayton-Gouthro, Cecile M. Patterns in Transition: Moccasin Production and Ornamentation of the Janvier Band Chipewyan. Mercury series. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1994. Template:ISBN
  • Cook, Eung-Do. 2006. The Patterns of Consonantal Acquisition and Change in Chipewyan (Dene Suline). International Journal of American Linguistics. 72, no. 2: 236.
  • Dramer, Kim, and Frank W. Porter. The Chipewyan. New York: Chelsea House, 1996. Template:ISBN
  • Elford, Leon W., and Marjorie Elford. English-Chipewyan Dictionary. Prince Albert, Sask: Northern Canada Evangelical Mission, 1981.
  • Goddard, Pliny Earle. Texts and Analysis of Cold Lake Dialect, Chipewyan. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 10, pt. 1–2. New York: Published by order of the Trustees [of the American Museum of Natural History], 1912.
  • Grant, J. C. Boileau. Anthropometry of the Chipewyan and Cree Indians of the Neighbourhood of Lake Athabaska. Ottawa: F.A. Acland, printer, 1930.
  • Human Relations Area Files, inc. Chipewyan ND07. EHRAF collection of ethnography. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files, 2001.
  • Irimoto, Takashi. Chipewyan Ecology: Group Structure and Caribou Hunting System. Senri ethnological studies, no. 8. Suita, Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology, 1981.
  • Li, Fang-kuei, and Ronald Scollon. Chipewyan Texts. Nankang, Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 1976.
  • Lowie, Robert Harry. Chipewyan Tales. New York: The Trustees, 1912.
  • Paul, Simon. Introductory Chipewyan: Basic Vocabulary. Saskatoon: Indian and Northern Education, University of Saskatchewan, 1972.
  • Scollon, Ronald, and Suzanne B. K. Scollon. Linguistic Convergence: An Ethnography of Speaking at Fort Chipewyan, Alberta. New York: Academic Press, 1979. Template:ISBN
  • Shapiro, Harry L. The Alaskan Eskimo; A Study of the Relationship between the Eskimo and the Chipewyan Indians of Central Canada. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1931.
  • Sharp, Henry S. Chipewyan Marriage. Mercury series. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1979.
  • Sharp, Henry S. The Transformation of Bigfoot: Maleness, Power, and Belief Among the Chipewyan. Smithsonian series in ethnographic inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988. Template:ISBN
  • VanStone, James W. The Changing Culture of the Snowdrift Chipewyan. Ottawa: [Queen's Printer], 1965.
  • Wilhelm, Andrea. Telicity and Durativity: A Study of Aspect in Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan) and German. New York: Routledge, 2007. Template:ISBN

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