Chloropyramine

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Chloropyramine
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Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Pregnancy
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Routes of
administration		By mouth, intramuscular, topical
Drug classFirst-generation antihistamine
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Legal status
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  • By mouth: OTC, Injection: Rx-only (RU)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability~100%[1]
MetabolismExtensive hepatic
Onset of action15–30 min (oral)[2]
Elimination half-life~14 hours[2]
ExcretionKidney[2]
Identifiers
  • N'-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-N,N-dimethyl-N'-pyridin-2-ylethane-1,2-diamine
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Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H20ClN3
Molar mass289.81 g·mol−1
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  • Clc1ccc(cc1)CN(c2ncccc2)CCN(C)C
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Chloropyramine is a first-generation antihistamine drug approved in several Eastern European countries such as Russia for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and other atopic (allergic) conditions. Related indications for clinical use include angioedema, allergic reactions to insect bites, food and drug allergies, and anaphylactic shock.[citation needed]

Chloropyramine is known as a competitive reversible H1 receptor antagonist (also known as an H1 inverse agonist), meaning that it exerts its pharmacological action by competing with histamine for the H1 subtype histamine receptor. By blocking the effects of histamine, the drug inhibits the vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and tissue edema associated with histamine release in the tissue. The H1 antagonistic properties of chloropyramine can be used by researchers for the purposes of blocking the effects of histamine on cells and tissues. In addition, chloropyramine has some anticholinergic properties.[1]

Chloropyramine's anticholinergic properties and the fact that it can pass through the blood–brain barrier are linked to its clinical side effects such as drowsiness, weakness, vertigo, fatigue, dry mouth, constipation, and rarely — visual disturbances and increase of intraocular pressure.[citation needed]

Contraindications

Contraindications for parenteral or oral administration include benign prostatic hyperplasia, peptic ulcer, pyloric and duodenal stenosis, uncontrolled glaucoma, pregnancy and breast-feeding. It is not intended for the management of acute bronchospasm.[1] It should be used with caution in patients with hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular diseases, and asthma.[citation needed]

Adverse effects

In children, it can induce agitation, and in many adult patients, dizziness may be observed. Because of the pronounced sedative effect, the preparation should be prescribed cautiously in drivers and people working with machines.[citation needed]

A large study on people 65 years old or older linked the development of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia to the "higher cumulative" use of first-generation antihistamines, due to their anticholinergic properties.[3]

Interactions

Chloropyramine should not be used internally with MAO inhibitors. Because of its anticholinergic activity, concurrent administration with cholinomimetics is not advisable. Chloropyramine should also not be used internally with alcohol, sedatives, and hypnotics because of the potentiation of the effects. General anesthetics, opioids, and other depressants potentiate the sedative effect of chloropyramine.[citation needed]

Dosage

In cases of severe allergic reactions, chloropyramine can be injected intramuscularly or intravenously. Oral administration: In adults, 25 mg can be taken 3 to 4 times daily (up to 150 mg); in children over 5 years old, 25 mg can be taken 2 to 3 times daily. For external application, the skin or the eye conjunctiva can be treated up to several times a day by applying a thin layer of cream or ointment containing 1% chloropyramine hydrochloride.[citation needed]

Trade names

  • Allergopress, Chimpharm AD (KZ)
  • Allergosan, Sopharma AD (BG, GE, LV)
  • Suprastin, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC (GE, HU, KZ, LT, LV, UA, RU)
  • Supralgon, Biopharm JSC (GE)
  • Supranorm-Tsiteli A, Rompharm Co. (GE)
  • Synopen, Pliva d.o.o. (BA, HR, RS, MK)

Synthesis

File:Chloropyramine synthesis.png
Chloropyramine synthesis:[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

The preparation begins with the condensation of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde with 1,1-dimethyethylenediamine. The resulting Schiff base is reduced. The resulting amine is then further reacts with 2-bromopyridine in the presence of sodamide.

File:Chloropyramine synthesis 2.svg
Chloropyramine synthesis 2: U.S. patent 2,607,778
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Chloropyramine synthesis 3: Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.GB 651596 

See also

References

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  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Chloropyramine Tablets for Oral Use. Prescribing Information". State Register of Medicines (in русский). Ozon OOO. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Хлоропирамин (Chloropyraminum)" (in русский).
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gray SL, Anderson ML, Dublin S, Hanlon JT, Hubbard R, Walker R, et al. (March 2015). "Cumulative use of strong anticholinergics and incident dementia: a prospective cohort study". JAMA Internal Medicine. 175 (3): 401–407. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663. PMC 4358759. PMID 25621434.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vaughan JR, Anderson GW (March 1949). "Antihistamine agents; halogenated N,N-dimethyl-N-benzyl-N-(2-pyridyl)-ethylenediamines". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 14 (2): 228–34. doi:10.1021/jo01154a006. PMID 18117722.
  5. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.US granted 2569314, Kenneth HL, "N, n-dimethyl-n'-(4-halobenzyl)-n'-(2-pyridyl) ethylenediamines and preparation of the same", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to American Cyanamide 
  6. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.US granted 2607778, Cates EM, Phillips RF, "Process of preparing n, n-dimethyln'-(p-chlorobenzyl)-n'-(2-pyridyl)-ethylenediamine", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to Merck & Co. 
  7. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.CH granted 264754, "Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Äthylendiaminderivates.", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to J. R. Geigy AG 
  8. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.CH granted 266234, "Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Äthylendiaminderivates.", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to J. R. Geigy AG 
  9. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.CH granted 266235, "Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Äthylendiaminderivates.", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to J. R. Geigy AG 
  10. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.GB granted 651596, "Manufacture of n-(2-pyridyl)-n-(p-chloro-benzyl)-n:n-dimethyl-ethylenediamine", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to J. R. Geigy AG 

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