Choerodon

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Choerodon is a genus of wrasses native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.[3] They originated in the Miocene, when the Australian and Eurasian Plates collided.[4] They are commonly referred to as tuskfish, because most species have sharp tusk-like teeth.

Taxonomy

The genus Choerodon is most closely related to the odacine wrasses. Both groups are part of the wrasse tribe Hypsigenyini. Choerodon is split into 6 subgenera.[5] Molecular phylogenetic analysis has so far demonstrated the monophyly of the subgenera, although not all species in the genus have been evaluated.[6]

Choerodon typus was traditionally placed within its own genus Xiphocheilus, but both morphological and molecular analyses now place it within Choerodon, with Xiphocheilus becoming its subgenus name instead.[5][6]

Potential tool use in tuskfishes

Orange-dotted, blue, graphic, and blackspot tuskfish have been recorded using large rocks or hard coral as "anvils", upon which they smash open hard-shelled prey items. All four species belong to the subgenus Choerodon, and can remember to use a particular rock or coral repeatedly for this purpose. This behaviour usually involves invertebrate prey such as clams and sea urchins, but on one occasion, a blue tuskfish was filmed smashing a young green sea turtle on an anvil.[7][8][9][10][11] Anvil use is also documented in several other wrasse genera.[11][12][13]

Species

The 27 currently recognized species in this genus are:[3][5][14][15]

Subgenus Species Common name Image
Aspiurochilus Choerodon azurio

(D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1901)

Azurio tuskfish
Choerodon cypselurus

Gomon, 2017

swallowtail tuskfish[5]
Choerodon monostigma

J. D. Ogilby, 1910

dark-spot tuskfish
Choerodon robustus

(Günther, 1862)

robust tuskfish
Choerodon zamboangae

(Seale & B. A. Bean, 1907)

purple eyebrowed tuskfish
Choerodon Choerodon anchorago

(Bloch, 1791)

orange-dotted tuskfish
Choerodon cauteroma

M. F. Gomon & G. R. Allen, 1987

bluespotted tuskfish
Choerodon cephalotes

(Castelnau, 1875)

purple tuskfish
Choerodon cyanodus

(J. Richardson, 1843)

blue tuskfish
Choerodon graphicus

(de Vis, 1885)

graphic tuskfish File:Graphic Tuskfish, Heron Island, QLD, Australia imported from iNaturalist photo 133770342 (cropped).jpg
Choerodon oligacanthus

(Bleeker, 1851)

white-patch tuskfish File:A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species fig 11 (cropped).png
Choerodon rubescens

(Günther, 1862)

baldchin groper File:Choerodon rubescens 465904243 (cropped).jpg
Choerodon schoenleinii

(Valenciennes, 1839)

blackspot tuskfish File:Blackspot Tuskfish imported from iNaturalist photo 401481161 on 12 January 2025 (cropped).jpg
Choerodon venustus

(de Vis, 1884)

Venus tuskfish File:A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species fig 16 (cropped).png
Lienardella Choerodon fasciatus

(Günther, 1867)

harlequin tuskfish File:Harlequin Tuskfish, Daydream Island, Australia imported from iNaturalist photo 38815846 (cropped).jpg
Lutjanilabrus Choerodon vitta

J. D. Ogilby, 1910

redstripe tuskfish File:Redstripe Tuskfish imported from iNaturalist photo 442736514 on 12 January 2025.png
Peaolopseia Choerodon albofasciatus

Gomon, 2017[5]

File:A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species 09 (cropped).png
Choerodon aurulentus

Gomon, 2017

gilded tuskfish File:A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species 08.png
Choerodon frenatus

J. D. Ogilby, 1910

bridled tuskfish File:A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species 07 (cropped).png
Choerodon gomoni

G. R. Allen & J. E. Randall, 2002

Gomon's tuskfish File:A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species 06 (cropped).png
Choerodon gymnogenys

(Günther, 1867)

File:A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species 05 (cropped).png
Choerodon jordani

(Snyder, 1908)

Jordan's tuskfish File:Blackwedge Tuskfish, 小琉球（美人洞） imported from iNaturalist photo 107552207 (cropped).jpg
Choerodon margaritiferus

Fowler & B. A. Bean, 1928

pearly tuskfish File:A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species 02 (cropped).png
Choerodon skaiopygmaeus

Gomon, 2017[5]

Choerodon sugillatum

M. F. Gomon, 1987

wedge-tailed tuskfish File:Wedgetail Tuskfish imported from iNaturalist photo 442736423 on 12 January 2025.png
Choerodon zosterophorus

(Bleeker, 1868)

Zoster wrasse File:Zoster wrasse (Choerodon zosterophorus) (40503187381) (cropped).jpg
Xiphocheilus Choerodon typus

Bleeker, 1856

blue-banded wrasse File:A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species 10.png

References

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  1. ^ Template:Cof record
  2. ^ Template:Cof family
  3. ^ a b Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Puckridge, Melody; Last, Peter R.; Andreakis, Nikos (2015-03-01). "The role of peripheral endemism and habitat associations in the evolution of the Indo-West Pacific tuskfishes (Labridae: Choerodon)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 84: 64–72. Bibcode:2015MolPE..84...64P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.007. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25463751.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Museums Victoria; Martin F., Martin F. (2017-08-28). "A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species". Memoirs of Museum Victoria. 76: 1–111. doi:10.24199/j.mmv.2017.76.01.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hughes, Lily C; Nash, Chloe M; White, William T; Westneat, Mark W (2023-05-01). "Concordance and Discordance in the Phylogenomics of the Wrasses and Parrotfishes (Teleostei: Labridae)". Systematic Biology. 72 (3): 530–543. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syac072. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 36331534.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pryor, Kimberley Jane; Milton, Ashley Monique (2023). "Tool use involving a different prey type, microhabitat and location, and long-term anvil use, by the graphic tuskfish Choerodon graphicus (De Vis 1885)". Marine Ecology. 44 (6) e12768. Bibcode:2023MarEc..44E2768P. doi:10.1111/maec.12768. ISSN 1439-0485.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jones, A. M.; Brown, C.; Gardner, S. (2011-09-01). "Tool use in the tuskfish Choerodon schoenleinii?". Coral Reefs. 30 (3): 865. Bibcode:2011CorRe..30..865J. doi:10.1007/s00338-011-0790-y. ISSN 1432-0975.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harborne, A. R.; Tholan, B. A. (2016-09-01). "Tool use by Choerodon cyanodus when handling vertebrate prey". Coral Reefs. 35 (3): 1069. Bibcode:2016CorRe..35.1069H. doi:10.1007/s00338-016-1448-6. ISSN 1432-0975.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nature, Research Communities by Springer (2017-10-31). "Tools and tails on Blue Planet II". Research Communities by Springer Nature. Retrieved 2025-01-14.
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  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jaishankar, Siddhi; Nair, Radhika; Alcoverro, Teresa; Arthur, Rohan (2024-04-01). "Anvil use by three wrasse species: Halichoeres hortulanus, Thalassoma jansenii, and Thalassoma lunare". Coral Reefs. 43 (2): 483–487. Bibcode:2024CorRe..43..483J. doi:10.1007/s00338-024-02467-y. ISSN 1432-0975.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pryor, Kimberley Jane (2022). "Tool use by the orange wrasse Pseudolabrus luculentus and doubleheader Coris bulbifrons". Marine Ecology. 43 (6) e12727. Bibcode:2022MarEc..43E2727P. doi:10.1111/maec.12727. ISSN 1439-0485.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). "Order LABRIFORMES: Family LABRIDAE (a-h)". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). "Order LABRIFORMES: Family LABRIDAE (a-h)". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 27 February 2023.

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