Cibotium

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Cibotium (from Greek Script error: No such module "Lang"., kibṓtion, "little chest" or "box"), also known as manfern,[1] is a genus of 11 species of tropical tree ferns. It is the only genus in family Cibotiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[2] Alternatively, the family may be treated as the subfamily Cibotioideae of a very broadly defined family Cyatheaceae,[3] the family placement used for the genus in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019.[4]

Species

As of January 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species and hybrids:[4]

Image Scientific name Distribution
Cibotium arachnoideum (C.Chr.) Holttum Borneo, Sumatra.
File:Gardenology.org-IMG 7869 qsbg11mar.jpg Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm. Hawaii (Oahu), Southeast Asia from China to the Malay Peninsula.
File:Cibotium chamissoi (5187378843).jpg Cibotium chamissoi Kaulf. Hawaii (Oahu).
File:Cibotium cumingii - Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg - DSC08035.JPG Cibotium cumingii Kunze Borneo to Philippines.
File:Starr 050130-3338 Cibotium glaucum.jpg Cibotium glaucum (Sm.) Hook. & Arn. Hawaii.
Cibotium × helenae D.D.Palmer (C. chamissoi × C. menziesii) Hawaii (Oahu).
File:Starr 040713-0079 Cibotium menziesii.jpg Cibotium menziesii Hook. Hawaii.
Cibotium nealiae Degen. Hawaii (Kauai).
File:Laeken Royal Greenhouses Cibotium regale 01.jpg Cibotium regale Verschaff. ex Regel Mexico (Veracruz, Puebla, Chiapas), Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua.
File:Cibotium schiedei - Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg - DSC08006.JPG Cibotium schiedei Schltdl. & Cham. Mexico (Veracruz).
Cibotium sumatranum Christ Sumatra.
File:台灣金狗毛蕨 - 溪頭自然教育園區 Cibotium taiwanense - Xitou Nature Education Area, Taiwan 20220614191217 04.jpg Cibotium taiwanense C.M.Kuo Taiwan.

Some extinct species have also been placed in this genus:[5]

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of Cibotium[6][7]

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Distribution

Species of the genus are distributed fairly narrowly in Hawaiʻi (four species, plus a hybrid, collectively known as hāpuʻu), Southeast Asia (five species), and the cloud forests of Central America and Mexico (two species). The natural habitat of Cibotium is among the dripping trees and stream gullies of the rainforests on Hawaiʻi's windward volcanic slopes (Olaa Forest).

The fossil record indicates that the genus was once a part of the boreotropical flora found in Europe, eastern North America, and western Asia. Fossilized Cibotium oregonense was found near Medford, Oregon, and fossilized Cibotium iwatense was found in Iwate, Japan.[8]

No publicly accessible Cibotium collections are growing outdoors in the United Kingdom, but two glasshouse collections are kept at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the RBG Edinburgh in Scotland. Specimens of Cibotium regale in the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken are visible to the public when the glasshouses open in May.

Uses

Cibotium glaucum, from Hawaiʻi, is the most frequently encountered Cibotium species in the horticultural trade, along with its sibling species Cibotium chamissoi and the large-growing Cibotium menziesii. They are sometimes seen in California garden designs.

Cibotium barometz is best known for its role in ancient medicine. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and an anodyne; its rhizome hairs are used in Malaysia and China as a styptic for wounds.[9] It is still exported from Malaysia for this purpose.[10] Hair-covered pieces of the rhizome, with bud stalks imitating legs, were used to lend credence to the medieval legend of the Vegetable Lamb of Tartary, a half-sheep, half-plant hybrid.[11]

Historically, women in Hawaiʻi have used the furry part of the Cibotium as a tampon.[12]

Threats

Pressure on Hawaiian Cibotium habitats comes from development encroaching on the forested areas, especially the more accessible, lower-lying areas which are commercially attractive for land clearance. A less obvious threat comes from an invasive introduced tree fern species: Cyathea cooperi (the most popular garden tree fern in the United States), which has escaped from the islands' suburban gardens and now outcompetes the endemic flora. Wind-blown spores from this rapidly growing Australian import can migrate many miles into pristine Cibotium forests. This is a fairly recent phenomenon, but one which may eventually have grave consequences for the tree fern ecosystem in Hawaiʻi.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."USDA Plants Database".
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
  4. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cibotium Kaulf". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barrington, David S. (1983). "Cibotium oregonense: An Eocene Tree-Fern Stem and Petioles with Internal Structure". American Journal of Botany. 70 (8): 1118–1124. doi:10.2307/2443281. ISSN 0002-9122.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.7.0 (GenBank release 261). 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  8. ^ Barrington, D. (1993). Ecological and Historical Factors in Fern Biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 20(3), 275-279. doi:10.2307/2845635
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lim, T. K. (2016). "Cibotiaceae". Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Vol. 10, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer. p. 88. ISBN 978-94-017-7275-4.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kathirithamby-Wells, Jeyamalar (2005). Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 340. ISBN 0-8248-2863-1.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Large, Mark F.; Braggins, John E. (2004). Tree Ferns. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-88192-630-9.
  12. ^ Who invented tampons? June 6, 2006 The Straight Dope
  • Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons

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