Clear Script
Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.
| Clear Script Oirat alphabet | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. | |
| Script type | |
| Creator | Zaya Pandita |
Period | ca. 1648 – today |
| Direction | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:GetParameters' not found. |
| Languages | Oirat Sanskrit Tibetic |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | Manchu alphabet Vagindra script |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.Mong Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.(145), Mongolian |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Mongolian |
| U+1800 – U+18AF | |
The Clear ScriptTemplate:Notetag is an alphabet created in 1648 by the Oirat Lamaist monk Zaya Pandita for the Oirat language.[1][2][3] It was developed on the basis of the Mongolian script with the goal of distinguishing all sounds in the spoken language, and to make it easier to transcribe Sanskrit and the Tibetic languages.
History
The Clear Script is a Mongolian script, whose obvious closest forebear is vertical Mongolian. This Mongolian script was derived from the Uyghur alphabet. The Clear Script was developed as a better way to write Mongolian, specifically of the Western Mongolian groups of the Oirats and Kalmyks.[3]Template:Rp It resolved ambiguities in the written language by assigning symbols to vowels, and adding new symbols and diacritics to show vowels and vowel lengths, and to distinguish between voiced and unvoiced consonants.[3]Template:Rp[2]Template:Rp Symbols that were preserved from the traditional Mongolian script were assigned a fixed meaning.[2]Template:Rp
There were even some marks enabling distinctions that were unimportant for words written in the Oirat language but were useful for the transcription of foreign words and names, such as between Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang"..[2]
Usage
The Clear Script was used by Oirat and neighboring Mongols, mostly in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.[2] It was widely used by its creator and others to translate Buddhist works so that they might better spread the Buddhist religion throughout western Mongolia. Though the script was useful for translating works from other languages, especially Tibetan, it was also used more informally, as evidenced by some letters from the late 1690s.[2]
Around the 19th to early 20th century, some Altaians in Russia were able to utilize the script to read and write texts due to contacts with Mongolian Buddhists.[4]
The script was used by Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic script. In Xinjiang, Oirats still use it, although today Mongolian education takes place in Chakhar Mongolian all across China.
Writing in the Clear Script
This script is a vertical script, as was its 'vertical Mongolian' parent script. Letters and diacritics are written along a central axis. Portions of letters to the right of the axis generally slant up, and portions to the left of the axis generally slant down. The only signs that do not follow these rules are the horizontal signs for Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., and part of Script error: No such module "lang"..[2] Words are delineated by a space, as well as different letter forms. Though most letters only come in one shape, there are some letters that look different depending on where in the word they occur, whether they are initial, medial, or final.[3]
Tables
There is an alphabetic order in the Clear Script, as in other related scripts, but the order for it is not the same as its Mongolian parent script. The Clear Script order is: Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".; Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang". & Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"..[2]Template:Rp
Vowels
| Single vowels[citation needed][3]Template:Rp[5][6][2]Template:Rp[7]Template:Rp | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Medial | Final | IPA[5] | Template:ShyTemplate:WbrTemplate:NoteTag | NotesTemplate:NoteTagTemplate:WbrTemplate:NoteTag | |
| Dan.Template:WbrTemplate:NoteTag & Kara | [[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-Template:WbrLC]] | |||||
| All these form ligatures with a preceding bow-shaped consonant. | ||||||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠠTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᠠTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᠠ | ɑ, ∅ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Final example ligature: Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡋᠠ Script error: No such module "lang".. This ligated form of final Script error: No such module "lang". extends its tail to the left.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".. This letter's forms are shared with Hudum script Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡄTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡄTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡄ | e, ∅ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Initial/medial/final example ligature: Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡋᡄ Script error: No such module "lang"..
Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡅTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡅTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡅ | i, ∅ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Final example ligature: Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡋᡅ Script error: No such module "lang".. This ligated form of final Script error: No such module "lang". differs from the one used elsewhere.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡆTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡆTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡆ | ɔ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Initial/medial/final example ligature: Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡋᡆ Script error: No such module "lang".. This ligated form of Script error: No such module "lang". is fully round. The ligature Script error: No such module "lang". is also identical in form to Script error: No such module "lang"..
Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡇTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡇTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡇ | ʊ, ∅ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Initial/medial/final example ligature: Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡋᡇ Script error: No such module "lang"..
Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡈTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡈTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡈ | ø, ∅ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Initial/medial/final example ligature: Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡋᡈ Script error: No such module "lang".. This ligated form of Script error: No such module "lang". is fully round.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡉTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡉTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡉ | y, ∅ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Initial/medial/final example ligature: Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡋᡉ Script error: No such module "lang".. The ligatures Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang". are identical in form.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".. | |
| Long vowels[citation needed][3]Template:Rp[5][6][7]Template:Rp | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Medial | Final | IPA | Template:Shy | Notes | |
| Dan. | ALA-LC | |||||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠠᡃTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᠠᡃTemplate:Zwj | — | ɑː | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Final example ligature: Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡗᠠᡃ Script error: No such module "lang"..
Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡄᡃTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡄᡃTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡄᡃ ⟨?⟩Template:NoteTag |
eː, æː | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡅᡅTemplate:Zwj ⟨?⟩Template:NoteTag |
Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡅᡅTemplate:Zwj ⟨?⟩Template:NoteTag |
— | iː | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Diphthongs ending in Script error: No such module "lang". are shaped and transliterated in the same manner.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| — | — | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡅᡅ | Script error: No such module "lang". | |||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡆᡃTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡆᡃTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡆᡃ ⟨?⟩Template:NoteTag |
ɔː | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡇᡇTemplate:FvsTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡇᡇTemplate:FvsTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡇᡇTemplate:Fvs | ʊː | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡈᡃTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡈᡃTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡈᡃ ⟨?⟩Template:NoteTag |
øː, æː | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡉᡉTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡉᡉTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡉᡉ | yː | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
Consonants
| Native consonants[citation needed][8][3]Template:Rp[5][2]Template:Rp[6][7]Template:Rp | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Medial | Final | IPA | Template:Shy | Notes[9] | |
| Dan. & Kara | ALA-LC | |||||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠨTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᠨTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᠨ | n | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang"..
This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᠨTemplate:FvsTemplate:Zwj | ||||||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡋTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡋTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡋ | b | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang"..
This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡍTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡍTemplate:Zwj | — | x | Script error: No such module "lang". | Used before back vowels.[2]Template:Rp
As in Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡍᠠᠷᠠ Script error: No such module "lang". 'black'.[8]Template:Rp[5]Template:RpTemplate:NoteTag Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡎTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡎTemplate:Zwj | — | ɢ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Used before vowels.
As in Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡎᠠᠯ Script error: No such module "lang". 'fire'.[8]Template:Rp[5]Template:RpTemplate:NoteTag Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
.svg){kind=small}
|
|
— | ɡ | Script error: No such module "lang". | As in Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡎᡄᠷ Script error: No such module "lang". 'ger'.[8]Template:Rp[5]Template:RpTemplate:NoteTag
Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡍTemplate:FvsTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡍTemplate:FvsTemplate:Zwj | — | k | Script error: No such module "lang". | Used before front vowels.[2]Template:Rp
As in Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡍᡈᡍᡈ Script error: No such module "lang". 'blue'.[8]Template:Rp[5]Template:RpTemplate:NoteTag Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| — | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡎTemplate:FvsTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡎ | ɡ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Used syllable-finally,[2]Template:Rp and irrespective of vowel harmony.[2]Template:Rp
As in Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡔᠠᡎ Script error: No such module "lang". 'time'.[8]Template:Rp[5]Template:RpTemplate:NoteTag Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡏTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡏTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡏ | m | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang"..
This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠯTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᠯTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᠯ | l | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang"..
This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠷTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᠷTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᠷ | r | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang"..
This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡑTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡑTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡑ | d | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡐTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡐTemplate:Zwj | — | t | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡕTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡕTemplate:Zwj | — | j | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠴTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᠴTemplate:Zwj | — | z | Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".† | Script error: No such module "lang". | †. Ambiguous value (Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".) from the 18th century until post-war reform.[2]Template:Rp
As in modern/older Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠴᡇᠨ Script error: No such module "lang". 'summer'.[8]Template:Rp[5]Template:RpTemplate:NoteTag Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡓTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡓTemplate:Zwj | — | d͡ʒ | Script error: No such module "lang". | — | Introduced in the 1950s.[2]Template:Rp
As in modern Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡓᡅᠯ Script error: No such module "lang".? (older Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠴᡅᠯ Script error: No such module "lang".) 'year'.[8]Template:Rp[5]Template:RpTemplate:NoteTag Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡔTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡔTemplate:Zwj | — | t͡s | Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".† | Script error: No such module "lang". | †. Ambiguous value (Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".) from the 18th century until post-war reform.[2]Template:Rp
As in modern/older Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡔᠠᡅ Script error: No such module "lang". 'tea'.[8]Template:Rp[5]Template:RpTemplate:NoteTag Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡒTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡒTemplate:Zwj | — | t͡ʃ | Script error: No such module "lang". | — | Introduced in the 1950s.[2]Template:Rp
As in modern Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡒᡅ Script error: No such module "lang".? (older Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡔᡅ Script error: No such module "lang".) 'you'.[8]Template:Rp[5]Template:RpTemplate:NoteTag Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠰTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᠰTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᠰ | s | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang"..
This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠱTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᠱTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᠱ | ʃ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang"..
This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| — | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡊTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡊ | ŋ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| Letters used in foreign words[citation needed][3]Template:Rp[5][6][7]Template:Rp | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Medial | Final | IPA | Translit. | Notes | |
| Dan. & Kara | ALA-LC | |||||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡌTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡌTemplate:Zwj | — | p | — | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡙTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡙTemplate:Zwj | — | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | ||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡘTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡘTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡘ | — | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | ||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡗTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡗTemplate:Zwj | — | k | Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡚTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡚTemplate:Zwj | — | — | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. | |
| — | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡛTemplate:Zwj | — | Script error: No such module "lang". | |||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡜTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡜTemplate:Zwj | — | Script error: No such module "lang". | |||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᢘTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᢘTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᢘ | — | |||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᢙTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᢙTemplate:Zwj | — | Script error: No such module "lang". | |||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠸTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᠸTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᠸ | — | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang"..
This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: No such module "lang".. | ||
| Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᡖTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:ZwjᡖTemplate:Zwj | Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.Template:Zwjᡖ | w | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Confer Kalmyk Oirat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".. |
Ligatures
See also
Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.
Notes
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yakhantova, N. (2006). "The Mongolian and Oirat Translations of the Sutra of Golden Light" (PDF) (in 中文 and English). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kara, György (2005). Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-933070-52-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kos'min, V. K. (2007). "Mongolian Buddhism's Influence on the Formation and Development of Burkhanism in Altai". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 45 (3): 43–72. doi:10.2753/aae1061-1959450303. ISSN 1061-1959. S2CID 145805201.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.n/a, Čoyiǰungǰab; Na., Gereltü (1998-05-10). Oyirad ayalɣun-u üges ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤᠨ[[:Template:Nnbsp]]ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ (PDF) (in монгол). Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University. ISBN 7-81015-892-9. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
{{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tod-Oirat-Old Kalmyk romanization table" (PDF). Library of Congress. 2012. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). Unicode Standard 15.0.0. 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Smirnov, Parmen (1857). Kratkiy russko-kalmytskiy slovar Краткій русско-калмыцкій словарь (PDF) (in русский). Kazan. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Bolor Dictionary". Retrieved 2023-02-06.
External links
Template:Oirat topics Script error: No such module "navbox with collapsible groups". Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found. Template:Oirat topics
