Collodictyon

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Collodictyon is a genus of single-celled, omnivorous eukaryotes belonging to the collodictyonids, also known as diphylleids.[1][2] Due to their mix of cellular components, collodictyonids do not belong to any well-known kingdom-level grouping of that domain and this makes them distinctive from other families.[3][4] Recent research places them in a new "super-group" called CRuMs together with rigifilids and Mantamonas.[5]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

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Phylogenetic position of Collodictyon relative to a few example organisms[1]

Four species are currently recognised in this genus. The type species is Collodictyon triciliatum. A second species—Collodictyon sparsevacuolatum—named by Skuja is also recognised; this species is found in freshwater in the United States and Europe. A third species Collodictyon sphaericum has been described but its description is in doubt and reclassified as Quadricilia rotundata (Skuja 1948) Vørs 1992. A fourth species—Collodictyon hongkongense—has been described by Skvortzow.[6]

Along with the genus Diphylleia, this organism appears to be only distantly related to the other eukaryotes.[1][7] They share some morphological features with the species formerly placed within Excavata due to the fact that the Collodictyon sulcus is similar because it also contains a supporting structure from left and right microtubular roots that line the entirety of the lips of the Sulcus.[8][9] However this latter clade is considered to be polyphyletic and in need of resolution (reorganisation into different groups). They also share similar features as Amoebozoa because the feeding groove of Collodictyon also form pseudopods at the base which have a related function to the pseudopods in Amoebozoa.[10] The pseudopods in both Amoebozoa and Collodictyon are used in order to catch prey.

Brugerolle has proposed a family, Collodictyonidae for this genus and Diphylleia.[8]

Another genus that is related to Collodictyon is Sulcomonas.

Scientists speculate that further study of Collodictyon may yield insights into the prehistoric beginnings of life hundreds of millions of years ago.[3] Scientists from Norway have been studying a particular type of Collodictyon found living in sludge in Årungen, a lake in the municipality of Ås in Norway.[3][11] Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi, the leader of the Microbial Evolution Research Group (MERG), has claimed that these organisms resemble the basal eukaryote.[3]

Collodictyonids were placed by Cavalier-Smith in Varisulca,[12] but this grouping appears to be paraphyletic.

Description

The species in this genus range in size from 30 to 50 μm in length,[3] can grow broad pseudopodia, and have four flagella[3] and a ventral feeding groove which divides the organism longitudinally called the Sulcus.[1] They are devoid of cellulosic cell walls, chloroplasts or stigmata. There are two to several contractile vacuoles.

The cell shape is variable but is mostly obovoid to ellipsoid. The lateral cell margins maybe somewhat angular leading to a broad, truncated rounded apex. This posterior margin narrows posteriorly and either bears 1-3 lobes or is simply broadly rounded. This margin is often pseudopodial.

The nucleus typically lies in the posterior half of the cell.

File:Collodictyon telophase constrict.jpg
Joining of the Sulcus during Prophase

The mitochondria have tubular cristae.

File:Collodictyon.png
Sketch of Collodictyon.

Organelles called dictyosomes are present and arranged in a horseshoe like shape.[8]

Members of this genus are known to reproduce asexually through cell division. Whether sexual reproduction occurs is currently unknown.

Collodictyon triciliatum has four flagella connected to basal bodies, generally of equal length, as long as or slightly longer than the body of Collodictyon.[2] Number one flagellum is connected to a dorsal root, while number two flagellum is connected to a ventral root. Number three and four flagella are on either side of these two and have dorsal roots.

Distribution

Originally Collodictyon triciliatum was described from the island of Bombay and later in central Europe.[13][14] In Europe this species is found from Spain[15] to Norway.[1] Collodictyon has also been reported in North America.[6][14][16]

Feeding

File:Collodictyon meets Pandorina.jpg
Diagram of Collodictyon failed ingestion of a Pandorina. The Pandorina escapes and the Collodictyon dies from water loss. Sketched by researcher Robert Clinton Rhodes; sketch appeared in print in 1917.

The feeding habits of this organism have rarely been studied.

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Dag Klaveness reported that the creatures are "not sociable" and will cannibalize each other when food is scarce.[3] Collodictyon will ingest freshwater algae and appears to be unable to survive on a diet of bacteria alone. Curiously the algae remain viable at least for a while after being engulfed. It is possible that the algae are "enslaved".[17]

History

Collodictyon triciliatum was originally named by H. J. Carter in 1865.[13] Carter's original species description is as follows:

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In 1917, it was classified as being one of the "simplest and most primitive" type of Polymastigina.[18]

See also

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  • Collodictyon triciliatum at 400x in phase contrast by microuruguay 25 June 2011 Video on YouTube

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhao, Sen; Fabien Burki; Jon Bråte; Patrick Keeling; Dag Klaveness; Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi (2012-01-06). "Collodictyon – an Ancient Lineage in the Tree of Eukaryotes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (6): 1557–68. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss001. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 3351787. PMID 22319147.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rhodes, Robert Clinton (29 October 1917). Binary Fission in Collodictyon tricilliatum. Berkeley, California: University of California. number of flagella is four (page 238 of original book; page 50 of the pdf file). Flagella are equal in length, as long as the body or possibly longer...
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Scientists find 'man's remotest relative' in lake sludge". 26 April 2012.
  4. ^ Skvortzov, B. V. (1968). On a new species of the genus Collodictyon Carter, a colourless flagellata new to the Hongkong flora. 22, 451–454.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brown, Matthew W; Heiss, Aaron A; Kamikawa, Ryoma; Inagaki, Yuji; Yabuki, Akinori; Tice, Alexander K; Shiratori, Takashi; Ishida, Ken-Ichiro; Hashimoto, Tetsuo; Simpson, Alastair; Roger, Andrew (2018-01-19). "Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group". Genome Biology and Evolution. 10 (2): 427–433. doi:10.1093/gbe/evy014. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 5793813. PMID 29360967.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.MD Guiry in Guiry MD & Guiry GM 2012. "Collodictyon HJ Carter, 1865: 289". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication. Galway: National University of Ireland. Retrieved 28 April 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Live Science Strange, Organism Has Unique Roots in the Tree of Life, by Jennifer Welsh, 29 April 2012
  8. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brugerolle, Guy; Bricheux G; Philippe H; Coffea G (March 2002). "Collodictyon triciliatum and Diphylleia rotans (=Aulacomonas submarina) form a new family of flagellates (Collodictyonidae) with tubular mitochondrial cristae that is phylogenetically distant from other flagellate groups". Protist. 153 (1): 59–70. doi:10.1078/1434-4610-00083. PMID 12022276.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Heiss AA, Kolisko M, Ekelund F, Brown MW, Roger AJ, Simpson AGB, Al E (2018-04-04). "Combined morphological and phylogenomic re-examination of malawimonads, a critical taxon for inferring the evolutionary history of Eukaryotes". Royal Society Open Science. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  10. ^ Nishibe, Y., Kawabata, Z., & Nakano, S.-ichi. (2002, September 23). Grazing on microcystis aeruginosa by the heterotrophic flagellate Collodictyon Triciliatum in a hypertrophic pond. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Retrieved November 1, 2021, from https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/ame/v29/n2/p173-179/ .
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yngve Vogt (23 April 2012). "Mankind's remotest relative". Apollon. Original Norwegian press release with pictures of researchers.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (2016-06-01). "187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 275–296. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023. PMID 27001604.
  13. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carter, H.J. (1865). "XXXII.—On the fresh- and salt-water Rhizopoda of England and India". Journal of Natural History. Series 3. 15 (88): 277–293. doi:10.1080/00222936508681805. ISSN 0374-5481. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rhodes, Robert Clinton (29 October 1917). Binary Fission in Collodictyon tricilliatum. Berkeley, California: University of California.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cambra Sánchez, J.; Álvarez Cobelas, M.; Aboal Sanjurjo, M. (1998). "Lista florística y bibliográfica de los clorófitos (Chlorophyta) de la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares e Islas Canarias". Asociación Española de Limnología. p. 9. Retrieved 12 Nov 2025.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lackey, James B. (1942-01-01). "The Plankton Algae and Protozoa of Two Tennessee Rivers". American Midland Naturalist. 27 (1): 191–202. doi:10.2307/2421034. ISSN 0003-0031. JSTOR 2421034.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rhodes2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rhodes, Robert Clinton (29 October 1917). Binary Fission in Collodictyon tricilliatum. Berkeley, California: University of California. (page 239 of original book; page 51 of pdf file) ... Collodictyon is "one of the simplest and most primitive of the Polymastigina"...

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