Common eider

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Adult male, breeding plumage
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Female
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Subspecies
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  Breeding range
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  Wintering/Feeding range
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Synonyms

Anas mollissima Linnaeus, 1758

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File:Baltsende eiders-4961556.webm
Common eiders in the breeding season on Texel, the Netherlands

The common eider (pronounced /ˈaɪ.dər/) (Somateria mollissima), also called St. Cuthbert's duck or Cuddy's duck, is a large (Template:Cvt in body length) sea-duck that is distributed over the northern coasts of Europe, North America and eastern Siberia. It breeds in Arctic and some northern temperate regions, but winters somewhat farther south in temperate zones, when it can form large flocks on coastal waters. It can fly at speeds up to Template:Cvt.[2]

The eider's nest is built close to the sea and is lined with eiderdown, plucked from the female's breast. This soft and warm lining has long been harvested for filling pillows and quilts, but in more recent years has been largely replaced by down from domestic farm-geese and synthetic alternatives. Although eiderdown pillows or quilts are now a rarity, typically being marketed as luxury goods, eiderdown harvesting continues and is sustainable, as it can be done after the ducklings leave the nest with no harm to the birds.

Taxonomy

The common eider was formally named by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other ducks in the genus Anas and coined the binomial name Anas mollissima.[3] It is now placed with two other species in the genus Somateria that was introduced in 1819 by the English zoologist William Leach.[4][5] The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek σῶμα Script error: No such module "Lang". 'body' (stem somat-) and ἔριον Script error: No such module "Lang". 'wool'. The specific mollissimus is Latin, meaning 'very soft'. Both parts of the name refer to its down feathers.[6]

Subspecies

Six subspecies are recognised:[5]

  • S. m. v-nigrum Bonaparte & Gray, GR, 1855 – breeds in northeast Asia and Alaska; winters in the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands
  • S. m. borealis (Brehm, CL, 1824) – breeds in northeast Canada, Greenland and Iceland; winters in the north Atlantic
  • S. m. sedentaria Snyder, 1941 – breeds in Hudson Bay and James Bay (Canada)
  • S. m. dresseri Sharpe, 1871 – breeds in southeast Canada and northeast US; winters around northwest Atlantic coasts
  • S. m. faeroeensis Brehm, CL, 1831 – Faroe Islands, endemic
  • S. m. mollissima (Linnaeus, 1758) – breeds in northwest Eurasia and locally in central Europe (lakes in the Alps) and the northern Black Sea (Crimea); winters in northwest and central Europe

Description

File:Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) skull at the Royal Veterinary College anatomy museum.JPG
A common eider skull
File:Somateria mollissima MWNH 1023.JPG
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

The common eider is the largest of the four eider species, measuring Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.50 to 71 cm (19+1⁄2 to 28 in) in length, weighs Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.0.81 to 3.04 kg (1 lb 12+1⁄2 oz to 6 lb 11 oz) and spans 80–110 cm (31–43 in) across the wings.[7][8] The average weight of 22 males in the North Atlantic was 2.21 kg (4 lb 14 oz) while 32 females weighed an average of Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1.92 kg (4 lb 3+1⁄2 oz).[9] It is distinguished by its bulky shape and large, wedge-shaped bill. The male is distinct, with its black and white plumage and green nape. The female is a brown bird, but can still be readily distinguished from all ducks, except other eider species, on the basis of size and head shape. The drake's display call is a strange almost human-like "ah-ooo", while the duck utters hoarse quacks. The species is often readily approachable.

Drakes of the European, Asian, and eastern and western North American subspecies can be distinguished by small differences in plumage and bill colour. Nominate S. m. mollissima has a yellowish-green bill, while S. m. dresseri has a greenish-grey bill, as does the slightly smaller S. m. faeroeensis. The Arctic Atlantic S. m. borealis and the Arctic Pacific S. m. v-nigrum have bright orange-yellow bills.[10]

Ecology

This species dives for crustaceans and molluscs, with mussels being a favoured food. The eider will eat mussels by swallowing them whole; the shells are then crushed in their gizzard and excreted. When eating a crab, the eider will remove all of its claws and legs, and then eat the body in a similar fashion.

It is abundant, with populations of about 1.5–2 million birds in both North America and Europe, and also large but unknown numbers in eastern Siberia (HBW). Some populations are small and declining, notably the isolated Crimean population in the Black Sea is declining and of conservation concern, with only around 700–1,100 pairs.[11]

A particularly famous colony of eiders lives on the Farne Islands in Northumberland, England. About 1,000 pairs still nest there every year. It has been claimed that these birds were the subject of one of the first-ever bird protection laws, and that the first wildlife preserve was established for them by Saint Cuthbert in the year 676, though this is not likely to be true. No mention of the hermit having any affinity with birds is found in any documents until the publication of a story about 500 years after his death.[12] The stories told in these later works also do not involve any concerns about habitat loss or other concepts in modern nature conservation.[12] Because St. Cuthbert is the patron saint of Northumberland, it was natural that the eider should be chosen as the county's emblem bird; the birds are still often called St Cuthbert's ducks or Cuddy's ducks in the area (Cuddy is the familiar form of Cuthbert).

In land-locked Switzerland, a small population (around five pairs) of this normally strictly marine species has colonised some of the larger lakes since 1988, enabled by the presence of large numbers of the invasive freshwater zebra mussel, which is sufficiently similar to its natural diet for eiders to breed far inland.[11][13]

In Canada's Hudson Bay, important eider die-offs were observed in the 1990s by local populations due to quickly changing ice flow patterns. The Canadian Wildlife Service has spent several years gathering up-to-date information on their populations, and preliminary results seem to show a population recovery.[14][15][16] The common eider is the object of the 2011 documentary People of a Feather,[citation needed] which studies the historical relationship between the Sanikiluaq community and eiders, as well as various aspects of their ecology.[17]

The common eider is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

The clutch consists of 3 to 8 eggs, each measuring 7.55–7.84 cm (3.0–3.1 in) in length and 4.92–5.28 cm 1.9–2.1 in width. The eggs are incubated for 24–26 days.[18]

Social behaviour

Eiders are colonial breeders. They nest on coastal islands in colonies ranging in size of less than 100 to upwards of 15,000 individuals.[19] Female eiders frequently exhibit a high degree of natal philopatry, where they return to breed on the same island where they were hatched. This can lead to a high degree of relatedness between individuals nesting on the same island, as well as the development of kin-based female social structures.[20] This relatedness has likely played a role in the evolution of co-operative breeding behaviours amongst eiders. Examples of these behaviours include laying eggs in the nests of related individuals[21] and crèching, where female eiders team up and share the work of rearing ducklings.[22]

References

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  1. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The World's Fastest Birds".
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 124.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Leach, William Elford (1819). Ross, John (ed.). A Voyage of Discovery made under the orders of the Admiralty in her Majesty's ships Isabella and Alexander, for the purpose of exploring Baffin's Bay, and enquiring into the probability of a North-West passage. London: John Murray. Appendix II, p. 48.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 258, 359. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Common Eider". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ogilvie, Malcolm; Young, Steve (2004). Wildfowl of the World. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84330-328-2.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl: an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 260–262. ISBN 0-7136-3647-5.
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.European Breeding Bird Atlas. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 2020. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-84-16728-38-1.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Minard, Antone (2016). "The Mystery of St Cuthbert's Ducks: An Adventure in Hagiography". Folklore. 127 (3): 325–343. ISSN 0015-587X. JSTOR 26445774.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Vogelarten: Common Eider". Swiss Ornithological Institute. 2026-03-11. Retrieved 2026-03-17.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Common Eider (Somateria mollissima)" (PDF). Sea Duck Information Series. Sea Duck Joint Venture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Henri, D.; Gilchrist, H.G.; Peacock, E. (2010). "Understanding and Managing Wildlife in Hudson Bay Under a Changing Climate: Some Recent Contributions from Inuit and Cree Ecological Knowledge". A Little Less Arctic. Earth and Environmental Sciences. pp. 267–289. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9121-5_13. ISBN 978-90-481-9120-8.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chaulk, K.G.; Robertson, G.J.; Montevecchi, W.A. (November 10, 2006). "Extinction, colonization, and distribution patterns of common eider populations nesting in a naturally fragmented landscape". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 84 (10): 1402–1408. doi:10.1139/z06-138.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."People of a Feather". Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Common Eider Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2026-05-30.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chapdelaine, G.; Dupuis, P.; Reed, A. (1986). "Distribution, abondance et fluctuation des populations d'eider à duvet dans l'estuaire et le golfe du Saint-Laurent" [Distribution, abundance and population fluctuations of the common eider in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence]. In Reed, A. (ed.). Eider ducks in Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series (in français). Ottawa, ON: Canadian Wildlife Service. pp. 6–11.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McKinnon, L.; Gilchrist, H.G.; Scribner, K.T. (2006). "Genetic evidence for kin-based female social structure in common eiders (Somateria mollissima)". Behavioral Ecology. 17 (4): 614–621. doi:10.1093/beheco/ark002.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Andersson, M.; Waldeck, P. (2007). "Host-parasite kinship in a female-philopatric bird population: evidence from relatedness trend analysis". Molecular Ecology. 16 (13): 2797–2806. Bibcode:2007MolEc..16.2797A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03301.x. PMID 17594448. S2CID 5547068.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Öst, Markus; Clark, Colin W.; Kilpi, Mikael; Ydenberg, Ron (January 2007). "Parental effort and reproductive skew in coalitions of brood-rearing female common eiders". The American Naturalist. 169 (1): 73–86. doi:10.1086/510213. JSTOR 10.1086/510213. PMID 17206586. S2CID 17841634.

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