Comparison of display technology

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This is a comparison of various properties of different display technologies.

General characteristics

Display tech­nology Screen shape Largest known diagonal Typical use Usable in bright room
(in) (cm)
Template:Rh | Eidophor front projection Flat (limited only by brightness) TV No
Template:Rh | Shadow mask CRT Spherical curve or flat 42[1] 107 TV, computer monitor Yes
Template:Rh | Aperture grille CRT Cylindrical curve or flat 43[2] 109 TV, computer monitor Yes
Template:Rh | Mono­chrome CRT Spherical curve or flat 30[3] 76 TV, computer monitor, radar display, oscilloscope Yes
Template:Rh|Direct view Charactron CRT Spherical curve 24 61 Computer monitor, radar display No
Template:Rh | CRT self-contained rear-projection Flat lenticular 80[4] 203 TV Yes
Template:Rh | CRT front projection Flat (limited only by brightness) TV or presentation No
Template:Rh | Plasma display Flat 152[5] 386 TV, computer monitor
(In some early "portable" computers. They required too much power for battery-powered laptops)[6][7][8][9] 		Partial
Template:Rh | LCD Flat 115[10] 292 TV, computer monitor Yes
Template:Rh | LCD self-contained rear-projection Flat lenticular 70[11] 178 TV Yes
Template:Rh | LCD front-projection Flat (limited only by brightness) TV or presentation Yes
Template:Rh | DLP self-contained rear-projection Flat lenticular 120[12] 305 TV Yes
Template:Rh | DLP front-projection Flat (limited only by brightness) TV or presentation Yes
Template:Rh | LCoS self-contained rear-projection Flat 110[13] 279 TV Yes
Template:Rh | LCoS front-projection Flat (limited only by brightness) TV or presentation Yes
Template:Rh|Laser self-contained rear projection Flat lenticular 75[14] 191 TV Yes
Template:Rh | LED Flat 279.92[15] 711 Billboards, TV Yes
Template:Rh | SED Flat 55[16] 140 Computer monitor, TV Yes
Template:Rh | FED Flat ? ? Computer monitor, TV Yes
Template:Rh | EPD (e-paper) Flat (flexible) ? ? Electronic paper Yes
Template:Rh | OLED Any, but most commonly flat rectangular with or without rounded edges, notch(es) and holes, circular, or curved (flexible)[17] 88[18] 223.52 Computer monitor, TV, Mobile phone Yes
Template:Rh | Telescopic pixel display
Template:Rh | Ferro­electric LCD
Template:Rh | 'mLED' LED Curved or flat ?? ?? Mobile phones, wearable electronics, VR displays, smart­watches, optical instruments, AR displays Yes
Template:Rh | QDLED[19][20][21][22] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes
Template:Rh | IMOD Flat 1.2[23] 3 Mobile phone[24] Yes
Template:Rh | Laser Phosphor Display (LPD) Flat / Box 196 497.8 Presentation Yes
Template:Rh | Virtual retinal display Any shape Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Ex­per­i­men­tal, possibly virtual reality Depends on system

Major technologies are CRT, LCD and its derivatives (Quantum dot display, LED backlit LCD, WLCD, OLCD), Plasma, and OLED and its derivatives (Transparent OLED, PMOLED, AMOLED). An emerging technology is Micro LED. Cancelled and now obsolete technologies are SED and FED.

Temporal characteristics

Different display technologies have vastly different temporal characteristics, leading to perceptual differences of motion, flicker, etc.

Sketch of some common display technologies' temporal behaviour
Sketch of some common display technologies' temporal behaviour

The figure shows a sketch of how different technologies present a single white/grey frame. Time and intensity is not to scale. Notice that some have a fixed intensity, while the illuminated period is variable. This is a kind of pulse-width modulation. Others can vary the actual intensity in response to the input signal.

  • Single-chip DLPs use a kind of "chromatic multiplexing" in which each color is presented serially. The intensity is varied by modulating the "on" time of each pixel within the time-span of one color. Multi-chip DLPs are not represented in this sketch, but would have a curve identical to the plasma display.
  • LCDs have a constant (backlit) image, where the intensity is varied by blocking the light shining through the panel.
  • CRTs use an electron beam, scanning the display, flashing a lit image. If interlacing is used, a single full-resolution image results in two "flashes". The physical properties of the phosphor are responsible for the rise and decay curves.
  • Plasma displays modulate the "on" time of each sub-pixel, similar to DLP.
  • Movie theaters use a mechanical shutter to illuminate the same frame 2 or 3 times, increasing the flicker frequency to make it less perceptible to the human eye.

Research

Researchers announced a display that uses silicon metasurface pixels that do not require polarized light and require half the energy. It employs a transparent conductive oxide as a heater that can quickly change the pixels. The pixels are 100 times thinner than liquid crystal. Response times are under 1 millisecond. They claim that the metasurface array could replace the liquid crystal layer in today's displays, eliminating the need for production technology.[25]

See also

References

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