Cortijo
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A cortijo is a type of traditional rural dwelling (akin to the German Bauernhof, also known as a farmhouse in English)[1] in the southern half of Spain, including all of Andalusia and parts of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha.[2]
Cortijos may have their origins in ancient Roman villas, for the word is derived from the Latin cohorticulum, a diminutive of cohors, meaning 'courtyard' or inner enclosure.[3] They are often isolated structures associated with a large family farm or livestock management in the adjoining lands.[4]
Description
A cortijo would usually include a large house, together with accessory buildings such as workers' quarters, sheds to house livestock, granaries, oil mills, barns and often a wall limiting the enclosure where there were no buildings surrounding it.[4] It was also common for isolated cortijos to include a small chapel.
In mountain areas, rough stone was often used for wall construction and ashlar for corners, doorways, windows and arches. In ancient cortijos, mud or slaked lime were used as mortar. However, the traditional materials were replaced by cement and brick construction in more recent ones. In places where stone was hard to come by, adobe was more common as a construction material. Cortijos were often whitewashed. Roofs were built with wooden beam structures and covered with red ceramic roof tiles.[4]
The master of the cortijo or "señorito" would usually live with his family in a two-story building when visiting, while the accessory structures were for the labourers and their families —also known as "cortijeros".[2] The latter buildings were usually of more simple construction.[5]
The cortijo was usually a habitat surrounded by extensive lands, such as olive groves or other kinds of agricultural exploitation. In certain desolate areas of the southern Central Meseta, Extremadura and Sierra Morena, a cortijo would be the only inhabited center for many miles around. Thus, most of them were self-sufficient units, as far as that was possible.[4]
Many cortijos became deserted following General Franco's Plan de Estabilización and the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices by the local youth, including the lifestyle changes that swept over rural Spain during the second half of the 20th century.[6]
Famous cortijos
- Cortijo de Arroyovil, where Francisco Franco used to overnight when hunting, near Mancha Real.[7]
- Cortijo de Miraflores, a historical building in Marbella.[8]
- Cortijo Jurado, near Campanillas; reputed to be haunted.[9]
- Cortijo de las Mezquitas, located between Antequera, Campillos and Sierra de Yeguas.[10]
- Cortijo de Alventu, located near río Guadalquivir.[11]
- Cortijo Bacardí, located in Málaga[12]
- Cortijo del Fraile, in Níjar municipality, known as the scene of a crime.[13]
- Cortijo de Aparicio el Grande
- Cortijo Cañaveral de los Frailes
- Cortijo del Búho in Riópar, Albacete Province[14]
- El Cortijo, a nightclub in Barcelona.[citation needed]
- Casa Zaldívar, a cortijo in Casas de Don Pedro that became a Francoist concentration camp where Spanish Republican military personnel were interned and where many were shot.[15] at the time of the Spanish Civil War.[16]
- Cortijo del Enjembraero, located in Helechal, Benquerencia de la Serena municipality, where four political prisoners: Sinesio Calderón, Antonio Cortés, Antonio Iglesias and Manuel Merinot were executed extrajudicially on 1 February 1949 accused by the Francoist authorities of assisting the Spanish Maquis.[17][18]
- Cortijo del Carmen and cortijo de San Patricio, in Gádor, scene of the crime of Gádor.[19][20]
See also
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Clark, Walter Aaron (13 June 2018). Los Romeros: Royal Family of the Spanish Guitar. University of Illinois Press. p. 353. ISBN 9780252050596.
cortijo, or farmhouse (cortijo is a word common to Andalusia and Extremadura and means the same thing as finca in Castilian)
- ^ a b Alcalá Venceslada, Antonio (1999). Vocabulario Andaluz, El Mundo-Unidad Editorial, Barcelona, p. 173.
- ^ Marcus Terentius Varro, Manuel-Antonio Marcos Casquero (1990). De lingua Latina: edición bilingüe. Anthropos Editorial, Template:ISBN, p. 69. Google Books.
- ^ a b c d López Ontiveros, Antonio et al. (2003). Geografía de Andalucía, Ed. Ariel, Barcelona. Template:ISBN
- ^ Florido Trujillo, Gemma. Poblamiento y hábitat rural: Caracterización, evolución y situación actual, p. 337.
- ^ Tafunell, Xavier (2004). Historia económica de la España contemporánea. Crítica. Template:ISBN
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.del Arco, Carmen (4 February 2001). "Visitas a un trozo de historia". El País (in español). Jaén: Prisa. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Blanco Almenta, Rafael (1998). Jardines históricos y parques actuales de Andalucía. Editorial Arguval. pp. 243–244. ISBN 9788489672307.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Requena, Ester (7 March 2015). "La verdadera historia del Cortijo Jurado". Diario Sur (in español). Vocento. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Decreto 535/2008, de 22 de diciembre, por el que se inscribe en el Catálogo General del Patrimonio Histórico Andaluz como Bien de Interés Cultural, con la tipología de Monumento, el Cortijo de las Mezquitas, en los términos municipales de Antequera, Campillos y Sierra de Yeguas (Málaga)". Boletín Oficial de la Junta de Andalucía (in español) (258): 47–50. 30 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cortijos, haciendas y lagares. Arquitectura de las grandes explotaciones agrarias en Andalucía. Provincia de Cádiz", Consejería de Fomento y Vivienda (in español), Junta de Andalucía, p. 282, 2002
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Catálogo de edificios protegidos - Campanillas-Guadalhorce" (PDF). Ayuntamiento de Málaga (in español): 201. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rodríguez Linares, Emilio (5 March 2015). Campos de Níjar. Cincuenta años después (1959-2009). Ruiz de Aloza. p. 23.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Provansal, Danielle; Molina, Pedro (1991). Etnología de Andalucía oriental: Parentesco, agricultura y pesca. Vol. 1. Anthropos Editorial. p. 166. ISBN 9788476582817.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barrero Arzac, Fernando (27 December 2013), Campo de Concentración de Casa Zaldívar: fusilamientos del 15 de mayo de 1939 (PDF)
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barrero Arzac, Fernando (21 February 2015). "Historia y tragedia de la 109ª BM en el campo de Zaldívar (Badajoz)". WordPress. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Serrano Fernández, Secundino (2011). Maquis. Historia de la guerrilla antifranquista. Madrid: Temas de hoy. p. 242. ISBN 978-84-8460-103-6.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vila Izquierdo, Justo; Álvarez, Santiago; Hinojosa, José; Sandoval, José (1 January 2003). La guerrilla antifranquista en Extremadura. El movimiento guerrillero de los años 40. Barcelona: Universitas. p. 105. ISBN 84-87098-39-8.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pino, Eduardo (8 October 2018). "El 'tonto' del crimen de Gádor". La Voz de Almería (in español). Retrieved 14 September 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Domínguez, Mari Pau (19 November 2017). "El crimen de Gádor o la inconcebible crueldad humana". ABC (in español). Vocento. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
External links
- Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons
- Cortijos, haciendas y lagares de Andalucía. Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico
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