Cowlitz language

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Cowlitz
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Native toUnited States
RegionSouthwestern Washington
EthnicityLower Cowlitz people
ExtinctOctober 23, 1992, with the death of Emma Northover Mesplie; dormant by 1960s
Revivalrevival efforts underway
Salishan
  • Coast
    • Tsamosan
      • Inland
        • Cowlitz
Language codes
ISO 639-3cow
Glottologcowl1242
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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Cowlitz (Cowlitz: Script error: No such module "Lang".),[2] also known as Cowlitz Salish,[3] is a Tsamosan language of the Coast Salish family of Salishan languages. It was spoken by the Lower Cowlitz people of the Cowlitz Indian Tribe and is spoken today by both Lower and Upper Cowlitz people. It went dormant in the 1960s. As of 2022, it is being revitalized by the Cowlitz Tribe in collaboration with the Language Conservancy.[4][3]

Dialects

Cowlitz had two dialects, with a dialectal opposition between [k] and [x] and [t͡ʃ] and [ʃ]. However, these dialects were poorly documented, due to the extinction of the language.[5]

Cowlitz people

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Cowlitz people were originally two distinct tribes: the Lower Cowlitz and the Upper Cowlitz, sometimes called the Taidnapam. Only the Lower Cowlitz originally spoke Cowlitz Salish. The Upper Cowlitz spoke a Sahaptin language.[6]

Phonology

Consonants[7]
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
median sibilant lateral plain lab. plain lab.
Plosive/
Affricate 		plain p t ts tʃ k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
ejective pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ
Fricative s ɬ ʃ x xʷ χ χʷ h
Sonorant plain m n l j w
glottalized mˀ nˀ lˀ jˀ wˀ
Vowels[7]
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e eː ə oː
Open a aː

Orthography

Cowlitz alphabet[2]
ʔ a b c cʼ č čʼ d e ə f g h i j k kʷ kʼ kʷʼ l lʼ ɬ ƛʼ m mʼ n
nʼ o o p pʼ q qʷ qʼ qʷʼ r s š t tʼ u v w wʼ x xʷ x̣ x̣ʷ y yʼ z

Vocabulary

Cowlitz is most similar to Lower Chehalis, another Tsamosan language, although it contains some oddities, such as the word for one, utsus (in contrast to the Lower Chehalis paw).

English Cowlitz
Lower Cowlitz people Script error: No such module "Lang".
one (number) Script error: No such module "Lang".
two Script error: No such module "Lang".
three Script error: No such module "Lang".
four Script error: No such module "Lang".
five Script error: No such module "Lang".
to sing Script error: No such module "Lang".
moon/sun Script error: No such module "Lang".
dog Script error: No such module "Lang".
water Script error: No such module "Lang".
man Script error: No such module "Lang".
woman Script error: No such module "Lang".

See also

References

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cowlitz Coast Salish Dictionary". Cowlitz Salish Dictionary. Cowlitz Indian Tribe. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cowlitz Salish Language Learning". Cowlitz Salish. The Language Conservancy. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kauffman, Brennen (February 27, 2022). "Cowlitz Language Being Brought Back With Online Dictionary, Weekend Classes". The Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 24, 2025. Retrieved December 17, 2025.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kinkade, M. Dale (October 1973). "The Alveopalatal Shift in Cowlitz Salish". International Journal of American Linguistics. 39 (4): 224–231. doi:10.1086/465270. ISSN 0020-7071.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Our Story". The Cowlitz Indian Tribe. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kinkade, Marvin Dale (2004). Cowlitz dictionary and grammatical sketch. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana. pp. 219–224.

Further reading

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