Crocuta
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Automated taxobox".
Crocuta is a genus of hyena containing the largest extant member of the family, the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Several fossil species are also known, with the Pleistocene Eurasian cave hyenas either being regarded as distinct species or subspecies of the spotted hyena.
Taxonomy and evolution
It is still unclear whether the genus evolved in Africa or Asia, although the oldest known fossils are from Africa and dated to about 3.8 mya.[1] The earliest remains from Asia currently attributed to the genus is Crocuta honanensis from the Early Pleistocene of China dating to around 2.5-2.2 million years ago, but its relationship to the living spotted hyena is ambiguous. Crocuta first appears in Europe around 800,000 years ago at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, replacing the giant hyena Pachycrocuta.[2]
The Eurasian "cave hyenas" (Crocuta spelaea, Crocuta ultima and others) have either been considered subspecies of the living spotted hyena,[1] or as distinct species.[3] Genetic analysis of cave hyenas have found them to be strongly genetically divergent from living African spotted hyenas, albeit with some evidence of limited interbreeding between the two populations.[4]
Two extinct species are known to have coexisted with each other in eastern Africa during the Pliocene; Crocuta eturono and Crocuta dietrichi, each one probably occupying a different niche in regards to their preference for scavenging or hunting.[5] In Ahl al Oughlam, a Pliocene site in Morocco, lived the species Crocuta dbaa.[6] In China there was a Pliocene species, Crocuta honanensis,[7] The holotype of Crocuta sivalensis from the Indian subcontinent has been determined to be a specimen of Pliocrocuta and unrelated to Crocuta proper and thus this species is invalid,[8] though Crocuta proper is indeed recognised from the Early Pleistocene Swalik Hills of the northern Indian subcontinent.[9]
A 2022 review of the genus recognised 7 extinct species in addition to living spotted hyena, with African species including C.eturono in the late Pliocene, C. venustula in the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene (with the authors regarding C. dietrichi and C. dbaa as synonyms of this species), and C. ultra in the Early-Middle Pleistocene, with two species, C. honanensis (Early Pleistocene of China and the Indian continent) and C. ultima (Middle-Late Pleistocene) recognised in Asia, and C. intermedia (Middle Pleistocene) and C. spelaea (Middle-Late Pleistocene) recognised in Europe.[9]
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rao, Huiyun (2020). "Palaeoproteomic analysis of Pleistocene cave hyenas from east Asia". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 16674. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73542-x. PMC 7541484. PMID 33028848.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Iannucci, Alessio; Mecozzi, Beniamino; Sardella, Raffaele; Iurino, Dawid Adam (November 2021). "The extinction of the giant hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris and a reappraisal of the Epivillafranchian and Galerian Hyaenidae in Europe: Faunal turnover during the Early–Middle Pleistocene Transition". Quaternary Science Reviews. 272 107240. Bibcode:2021QSRv..27207240I. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107240.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lewis, Margaret E.; Werdelin, Lars (2022-04-14). "A revision of the genus Crocuta (Mammalia, Hyaenidae)". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 322 (1–4): 1–115. Bibcode:2022PalAA.322....1L. doi:10.1127/pala/2022/0120. ISSN 0375-0442.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Westbury, Michael V.; Hartmann, Stefanie; Barlow, Axel; Preick, Michaela; Ridush, Bogdan; Nagel, Doris; Rathgeber, Thomas; Ziegler, Reinhard; Baryshnikov, Gennady; Sheng, Guilian; Ludwig, Arne; Wiesel, Ingrid; Dalen, Love; Bibi, Faysal; Werdelin, Lars (2020-03-13). "Hyena paleogenomes reveal a complex evolutionary history of cross-continental gene flow between spotted and cave hyena". Science Advances. 6 (11) eaay0456. Bibcode:2020SciA....6..456W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay0456. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7069707. PMID 32201717.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Coca-Ortega, Carlos; Pérez-Claros, Juan Antonio (2019). "Characterizing ecomorphological patterns in hyenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition". PeerJ. 6 e6238. doi:10.7717/peerj.6238. PMC 6330948. PMID 30648005.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Geraads, Denis; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Reed, Denné (July 2015). "Pliocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from the Hadar Formation at Dikika, Lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 107: 28–35. Bibcode:2015JAfES.107...28G. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.03.020. Retrieved 10 January 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sheng, Gui-Lian (2013). "Pleistocene Chinese cave hyenas and the recent Eurasian history of the spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta". Molecular Ecology. 23 (3): 522–533. doi:10.1111/mec.12576. PMID 24320717. S2CID 25812110.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Werdelin, Lars; Lewis, Margaret E. (2012). "The taxonomic identity of the type specimen of Crocuta sivalensis (Falconer, 1867)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (6): 1453–1456. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32.1453W. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694593. S2CID 83475651.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lewis, Margaret E.; Werdelin, Lars (2022-04-14). "A revision of the genus Crocuta (Mammalia, Hyaenidae)". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 322 (1–4): 1–115. Bibcode:2022PalAA.322....1L. doi:10.1127/pala/2022/0120. ISSN 0375-0442.
Script error: No such module "Navbox with collapsible groups". Template:Feliformia Script error: No such module "Taxonbar". Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.
