Cumene
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| Names | |||
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| Preferred IUPAC name
(Propan-2-yl)benzene[1] | |||
| Other names | |||
| Identifiers | |||
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3D model (JSmol)
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| 1236613 | |||
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PubChem CID
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| UN number | 1918 | ||
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| Properties | |||
| C9H12 | |||
| Molar mass | 120.195 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | Colorless liquid | ||
| Odor | Sharp, gasoline-like | ||
| Density | 0.862 g cm−3, liquid | ||
| Melting point | −96 °C (−141 °F; 177 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 152 °C (306 °F; 425 K) | ||
| negligible | |||
| Solubility | soluble in acetone, ether, ethanol | ||
| Vapor pressure | 4.5 mmHg (25 °C)[2] | ||
| −89.53·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
Refractive index (nD)
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1.4915 (20 °C) | ||
| Viscosity | 0.777 cP (21 °C) | ||
| Hazards | |||
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| Flash point | 43 °C (109 °F; 316 K) | ||
| 424 °C (795 °F; 697 K) | |||
| Explosive limits | 0.9–6.5% | ||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LD50 (median dose)
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12750 mg/kg (oral, mouse) 1400 mg/kg (oral, rat)[4] | ||
LC50 (median concentration)
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200 ppm (mouse, 7 hr)[4] | ||
LCLo (lowest published)
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8000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)[4] | ||
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 50 ppm (245 mg/m3) [skin][3] | ||
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 50 ppm (245 mg/m3) [skin][3] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger)
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900 ppm[3] | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Related compounds
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ethylbenzene toluene benzene | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Template:Chembox Footer/trackingTemplate:Short description
Cumene (isopropylbenzene) is an organic compound that contains a benzene ring with an isopropyl substituent. It is a constituent of crude oil and refined fuels. It is a flammable colorless liquid that has a boiling point of 152 °C. Nearly all the cumene that is produced as a pure compound on an industrial scale is converted to cumene hydroperoxide, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of other industrially important chemicals, primarily phenol and acetone (known as the cumene process).
Production
Commercial production of cumene is by Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene with propylene. The original route for manufacturing of cumene was by alkylation of benzene in the liquid phase using sulfuric acid as a catalyst, but because of the complicated neutralization and recycling steps required, together with corrosion problems, this process has been largely replaced. As an alternative, solid phosphoric acid (SPA) supported on alumina has been used as the catalyst.
Since the mid-1990s, commercial production has switched to zeolite-based catalysts. In this process, the efficiency of cumene production is generally 70–75%. The remaining components are primarily polyisopropyl benzenes. In 1976, an improved cumene process that uses aluminum chloride as a catalyst was developed. The overall conversion of cumene for this process can be as high as 90%.
The addition of two equivalents of propylene gives diisopropylbenzene (DIPB). Using transalkylation, DIPB is comproportionated with benzene to give cumene.[6]
Autoxidation
Depending on the conditions, autoxidation of cumene gives dicumyl peroxide or cumene hydroperoxide. Both reactions exploit the weakness of the tertiary C–H bond. The tendency of cumene to form peroxides by autoxidation poses safety concerns.[7] Tests for peroxides are routinely conducted before heating or distilling.
Applications
Cumene is frequently found as an ingredient in thread locking fluids.[8][9] Cumene is also a precursor chemical to the herbicide isoproturon.[10]
See also
References
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. pp. 139, 597. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis. 1989.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0159". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cumene". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
- ^ Sigma-Aldrich Co., Cumene. Retrieved on 28 January 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bipin V. Vora; Joseph A. Kocal; Paul T. Barger; Robert J. Schmidt; James A. Johnson (2003). "Alkylation". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0112112508011313.a01.pub2. ISBN 0471238961.
- ^ CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."LOCTITE 242 MS TL Safety Data Sheet".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Wurth Blue Thread Locker Safety Data Sheet" (PDF).
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Unger, Thomas A. (1996). Pesticide synthesis handbook (1st ed.). Noyes Publications. p. 239.
External links
- National Pollutant Inventory - Cumene fact sheet
- Cumene Production from Benzene and Propylene Using Aluminum Chloride Catalyst
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