DF-31

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DF-31 (CSS-10)
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DF-31 in Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution
TypeIntercontinental ballistic missile
Place of originPeople's Republic of China
Service history
In service2006 (DF-31), 2007 (DF-31A), 2017 (DF-31B)
Used byPeople's Liberation Army Rocket Force
Production history
ManufacturerAcademy of Rocket Motors Technology (ARMT)
Unit cost-
Specifications
Mass54 t (54,000 kg; 60 short tons)
Length21.6 m (70 ft 10 in)
Diameter2.37 m (7 ft 9 in)
Warhead425 kilotonnes of TNT (1,780 TJ)[1]
EngineSolid-fuel rocket
Operational
range
7,200–8,000 km (4,500–5,000 mi) (DF-31)[2][3]
13,200 km (8,200 mi) (DF-31A)[3]
Flight altitudeUp to 1,200 km (750 mi)
Page Template:Tooltip/styles.css has no content.Template:EncodefirstUp to 8.16 km/s (Mach 25)
Guidance
system
Astro-inertial guidance with BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
Accuracy100 m CEP for silo launched and 150–300 m for TEL-launched.[4]
Launch
platform
Silo, 8 axle TEL
File:Dongfeng-31A.JPG
Dongfeng-31A after a military parade in 2015.
File:PLA ballistic missiles range.jpg
Range of various Chinese missiles (2007); DF-31 range in green.

The Dong Feng 31 (simplified Chinese: 东风-31; traditional Chinese: 東風-31; lit. 'East Wind-31'; NATO reporting name CSS-10)[5] is a third-generation, long-range, road-mobile, intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Developed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and operated by the People's Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF), this three-stage, solid-fuel missile in the Dongfeng missile series is designed to carry a single 425-kiloton thermonuclear weapon. It is a land-based variant of the JL-2, a submarine-launched ballistic missile.

In 2009, the Chinese inventory was estimated at fewer than 15 DF-31 missiles and fewer than 15 DF-31A missiles.[6] The National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) estimated that, as of June 2017, five to ten Mod 1 and over fifteen Mod 2 launchers were operationally deployed.[5]

History

The PRC began developing the DF-31 ICBM in January 1985.[7] The Academy of Rocket Motor Technology (ARMT), then known as the 4th Aerospace Academy, was the main contractor, supported by the research arm of the Second Artillery Corps (SAC). This land-based variant of the JL-2 was originally called the DF-23 but was renamed the DF-31 following a change in operational requirements.

The DF-31 was first displayed publicly at the 1999 National Day Parade.[8] On August 2 of that same year, Chinese state media reported the missile's first successful test flight.[7] Subsequent tests occurred in 2000, with the second flight taking place early in the year and the third on November 4.[9] Operational deployment reportedly began in 2006.[10] In 2009, US Air Force Intelligence reported that fewer than 15 DF-31 missiles had been deployed.[6]

Description

The DF-31 is a three-stage, solid-fuel rocket equipped with an inertial navigation system. The missile is mounted on a transporter erector launcher. It is capable of reaching targets throughout Europe and Asia, as well as parts of Canada and the northwestern United States.

DF-31A

The PRC has developed an improved variant of the DF-31 called the DF-31A. This upgraded missile has a reported range of 13,200 km,[3] will allow targeting of most of the continental United States[5] and was designed with MIRV capability to hold 3 to 5 warheads, each capable of a 90 kt yield, but is thought to be armed with only one warhead with penetration and decoy aids to complicate missile defense efforts.[11][6] The missile was shown to the public during the parade in Beijing celebrating 70 years since the end of World War II on September 3, 2015.[12] It can carry maneuverable reentry vehicles.[13]

DF-31AG/DF-31B

The PRC has developed an improved variant of the DF-31A called the DF-31AG (G stands for 改 (Gaï), "modified)[14] or DF-31B with an off-road 8 axle TEL and MIRVs.[15][16] China has successfully tested it from a mobile launcher.[17] The missile's TEL features an extra pair of elevators near the aft of the missile unlike the TELs of the DF-31 or DF-31A, suggesting a heavier missile second and third stage than earlier variants.[18] On the military parade marking the 90th Anniversary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army in 2017, DF-31AG ICBM was first unveiled.[19]

DF-31BJ

The DF-31BJ is estimated to be an improved DF-31AG[20] for silo-based launch operations.[21]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Chinese nuclear weapons, 2025". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 2026-02-03. Retrieved 2026-02-08.
  2. ^ CSS-10 (DF-31) Script error: No such module "webarchive"., missilethreat.csis.org
  3. ^ a b c Annual Report to Congress: Military Power of the People's Republic of China 2008 Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Office of the Secretary of Defense
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Dong Feng 31 (DF-31/DF-31A/CSS-10)". Missile Threat.
  5. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat". National Air and Space Intelligence Center. June 2017. Archived from the original on 2020-07-28.
  6. ^ a b c US Air Force Air and Space Intelligence Center, Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threats 2009 [1] Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Diamond, Howard (July 1, 1999). "Chinese Strategic Plans Move Forward with Missile Test". Arms Control Today. Arms Control Association. ISSN 0196-125X. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019.
  8. ^ The Federation of American Scientists & The Natural Resources Defense Council (DF-31A) Nov, 2006. 73 (PDF)[2] Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gertz, Bill (2020-08-26). "China test-fires 'carrier-killer' missile as U.S. announces new sanctions". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2020-08-27.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Minnie Chan (23 January 2014). "China's nuclear missile drill seen as warning to US not to meddle in region". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt; Johns, Eliana; Knight-Boyle, Mackenzie (2025-03-12). "Chinese nuclear weapons, 2025". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 2026-02-03.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.World TV (3 September 2015). "China Shows Off Its Military Power on V-Day 70th Parade; Strategic Strikes Module Displays Missiles". Archived from the original on 2016-03-13 – via YouTube.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Diplomat, Franz-Stefan Gady, The. "Here's What You Need to Know About China's Grand Military Parade". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2019-04-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.KENHMANN, Henri (24 July 2017). "Qui est ce nouvel ICBM mobile DF-31AG ?". Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Minnie Chan (4 October 2014). "China puts on show of force with DF-31B mobile ICBM missile test". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  16. ^ China tests 10000 km nuclear missile Script error: No such module "webarchive". 4. October 2014
  17. ^ "China has successfully test-launch of DF-31B intercontinental ballistic missile from mobile launcher Script error: No such module "webarchive". 19. March 2015
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Janes | Latest defence and security news". Archived from the original on 2015-11-16. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."DF-31AG - Intercontinental ballistic missile". Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yeo, Mike (3 September 2025). "China showcases nuclear triad, new missiles and lasers at military parade". Breaking Defense.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chan, Ryan (3 September 2025). "China Unveils New Nuclear Missiles for 'Global' Reach". Newsweek.

Further reading

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