DFFA
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| DNA Fragmentation factor 45kDa, C terminal domain | |||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||
| Symbol | DFF-C | ||||||
| Pfam | PF09033 | ||||||
| InterPro | IPR015121 | ||||||
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DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha (DFFA), also known as Inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DFFA gene.[1][2][3]
Apoptosis is a cell death process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. The cleaved fragments of DFFA dissociate from DFFB, the active component of DFF. DFFB has been found to trigger both DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.[3]
The C-terminal domain of DFFA (DFF-C) consists of four alpha-helices, which are folded in a helix-packing arrangement, with alpha-2 and alpha-3 packing against a long C-terminal helix (alpha-4). The main function of this domain is the inhibition of DFFB by binding to its C-terminal catalytic domain through ionic interactions, thereby inhibiting the fragmentation of DNA in the apoptotic process. In addition to blocking the DNase activity of DFFB, the C-terminal region of DFFA is also important for the DFFB-specific folding chaperone activity, as demonstrated by the ability of DFFA to refold DFFB.[4]
Interactions
DFFA has been shown to interact with DFFB.[5][6]
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Leek JP, Carr IM, Bell SM, Markham AF, Lench NJ (Jun 1998). "Assignment of the DNA fragmentation factor gene (DFFA) to human chromosome bands 1p36.3→p36.2 by in situ hybridization". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 79 (3–4): 212–3. doi:10.1159/000134725. PMID 9605855.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Liu X, Zou H, Slaughter C, Wang X (April 1997). "DFF, a heterodimeric protein that functions downstream of caspase-3 to trigger DNA fragmentation during apoptosis". Cell. 89 (2): 175–84. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80197-X. PMID 9108473. S2CID 14800864.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Entrez Gene: DFFA DNA fragmentation factor, 45kDa, alpha polypeptide".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fukushima K, Kikuchi J, Koshiba S, Kigawa T, Kuroda Y, Yokoyama S (August 2002). "Solution structure of the DFF-C domain of DFF45/ICAD. A structural basis for the regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation". Journal of Molecular Biology. 321 (2): 317–27. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00588-0. PMID 12144788.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Molecular Systems Biology. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCarty JS, Toh SY, Li P (October 1999). "Study of DFF45 in its role of chaperone and inhibitor: two independent inhibitory domains of DFF40 nuclease activity". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264 (1): 176–80. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1497. PMID 10527860.
Further reading
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nakanuma Y, Tsuneyama K, Sasaki M, Harada K (August 2000). "Destruction of bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis". Baillière's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 14 (4): 549–70. doi:10.1053/bega.2000.0103. PMID 10976014.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Enari M, Sakahira H, Yokoyama H, Okawa K, Iwamatsu A, Nagata S (January 1998). "A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD". Nature. 391 (6662): 43–50. Bibcode:1998Natur.391...43E. doi:10.1038/34112. PMID 9422506. S2CID 4407426.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Liu X, Zou H, Widlak P, Garrard W, Wang X (May 1999). "Activation of the apoptotic endonuclease DFF40 (caspase-activated DNase or nuclease). Oligomerization and direct interaction with histone H1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (20): 13836–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.20.13836. PMID 10318789.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gu J, Dong RP, Zhang C, McLaughlin DF, Wu MX, Schlossman SF (July 1999). "Functional interaction of DFF35 and DFF45 with caspase-activated DNA fragmentation nuclease DFF40". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (30): 20759–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.30.20759. PMID 10409614.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Oh JJ, Grosshans DR, Wong SG, Slamon DJ (October 1999). "Identification of differentially expressed genes associated with HER-2/neu overexpression in human breast cancer cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (20): 4008–17. doi:10.1093/nar/27.20.4008. PMC 148668. PMID 10497265.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCarty JS, Toh SY, Li P (October 1999). "Study of DFF45 in its role of chaperone and inhibitor: two independent inhibitory domains of DFF40 nuclease activity". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264 (1): 176–80. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1497. PMID 10527860.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCarty JS, Toh SY, Li P (October 1999). "Multiple domains of DFF45 bind synergistically to DFF40: roles of caspase cleavage and sequestration of activator domain of DFF40". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264 (1): 181–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1498. PMID 10527861.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lugovskoy AA, Zhou P, Chou JJ, McCarty JS, Li P, Wagner G (December 1999). "Solution structure of the CIDE-N domain of CIDE-B and a model for CIDE-N/CIDE-N interactions in the DNA fragmentation pathway of apoptosis". Cell. 99 (7): 747–55. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81672-4. PMID 10619428.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Otomo T, Sakahira H, Uegaki K, Nagata S, Yamazaki T (August 2000). "Structure of the heterodimeric complex between CAD domains of CAD and ICAD". Nature Structural Biology. 7 (8): 658–62. doi:10.1038/77957. PMID 10932250. S2CID 12925074.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Xerri L, Palmerini F, Devilard E, Defrance T, Bouabdallah R, Hassoun J, Birg F (October 2000). "Frequent nuclear localization of ICAD and cytoplasmic co-expression of caspase-8 and caspase-3 in human lymphomas". The Journal of Pathology. 192 (2): 194–202. doi:10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH685>3.0.CO;2-M. PMID 11004695. S2CID 23831471.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhou P, Lugovskoy AA, McCarty JS, Li P, Wagner G (May 2001). "Solution structure of DFF40 and DFF45 N-terminal domain complex and mutual chaperone activity of DFF40 and DFF45". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (11): 6051–5. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.6051Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.111145098. PMC 33420. PMID 11371636.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sharif-Askari E, Alam A, Rhéaume E, Beresford PJ, Scotto C, Sharma K, Lee D, DeWolf WE, Nuttall ME, Lieberman J, Sékaly RP (June 2001). "Direct cleavage of the human DNA fragmentation factor-45 by granzyme B induces caspase-activated DNase release and DNA fragmentation". The EMBO Journal. 20 (12): 3101–13. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.12.3101. PMC 150191. PMID 11406587.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tsukada T, Watanabe M, Yamashima T (December 2001). "Implications of CAD and DNase II in ischemic neuronal necrosis specific for the primate hippocampus". Journal of Neurochemistry. 79 (6): 1196–206. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00679.x. PMID 11752060.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abel F, Sjöberg RM, Ejeskär K, Krona C, Martinsson T (February 2002). "Analyses of apoptotic regulators CASP9 and DFFA at 1P36.2, reveal rare allele variants in human neuroblastoma tumours". British Journal of Cancer. 86 (4): 596–604. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600111. PMC 2375272. PMID 11870543.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Charrier L, Jarry A, Toquet C, Bou-Hanna C, Chedorge M, Denis M, Vallette G, Laboisse CL (April 2002). "Growth phase-dependent expression of ICAD-L/DFF45 modulates the pattern of apoptosis in human colonic cancer cells". Cancer Research. 62 (7): 2169–74. PMID 11929840.
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