David Vases
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| The David Vases | |
|---|---|
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| Year | 1351 |
| Type | Blue and white |
| Medium | Porcelain |
| Dimensions | 63.5 cm × 20.5 cm (25.0 in × 8.1 in) |
| Location | British Museum, London |
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The David Vases are a pair of blue-and-white temple vases from the Yuan dynasty. The vases have been described as the "best-known porcelain vases in the world"[1] and among the most important blue-and-white Chinese porcelains.[2]
Though they are fine examples of their type, their special significance comes from the date in the inscriptions on the vases.[1] It made them the earliest-dated blue-and-white porcelains known at the time of their acquisition, although blue-and-white porcelains are likely to have been made earlier. The vases are named after Sir Percival David who collected the vases from two different sources, and formed part of the collection of the Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art but are now on permanent display in the British Museum.
Provenence
The vases are Jingdezhen porcelain, commissioned by someone named Zhang Wenjin (張文進) from Yushan County to be presented as altar pieces, alongside an incense burner that has not been found,[3] to a Daoist temple in Xingyuan (星源, present day Wuyuan County, Jiangxi) in 1351.[4] It has been proposed that the vases were manufactured at the Hengfeng Zhen kilns near the temple.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Long inscriptions were added to the vases, which gives their date of production.[2]
David acquired the vases from two separate sources; the first from Mountstuart Elphinstone in the 1920s, the second from an auction in 1935 of the collection of Charles E. Russell.[5] Russell was said to have acquired his vase from a Chinese collector Wu Lai-Hsi (吳賴熙, Wu Laixi), who in turn was claimed to have bought it from a priest of Zhilun temple in eastern Beijing, although this fact could not be verified.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Descriptions
The shape of the vases is based on bronze vessels. They are painted in underglazed cobalt blue with images of a number of auspicious motifs. On the main body of each vase is painted a four-clawed dragon surrounded by clouds. Above is a band of lotus scroll, and on the neck are flying phoenixes, as well as a band of overlapping plantain leaves. Around the mouth is a chrysanthemum scroll, and at the foot is a peony scroll above petal panels containing various auspicious symbols.[2][6] On the neck are two elephant heads forming two handles. Originally, the vases had porcelain rings suspended from the handles.[4] There are a few small differences in decorations between the two vases, for example, the mouth of the dragon is closed in one but open in the other.[2]
Inscriptions
On the neck of the vases are inscribed dedications by Zhang. There are minor differences in inscriptions between the two vases, some characters have been changed in one inscription, but they have essentially the same meaning:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
The 11th year of the Zhizheng era dates the vases to 1351. The incense burner mentioned in the inscriptions has not been found. It has been noted that the inscriptions have miswritten characters and are not carefully spaced, therefore they could not have been written by a court official. The ability to commission expensive high quality porcelain from an official kiln, and the use of royal insignias of dragons and phoenixes but with substandard written inscriptions, raised question as to who Zhang Wenjin might have been. The vases were commissioned during a period of peasant revolts, and it has been speculated the name may have been an alias of the rebel Zhang Shicheng.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Significance
Dating
The inscriptions on the vases that gives the dates are important for the much-discussed question of when the blue-and-white style was introduced. The date has been given as 1351 (11th year of the Zhizheng era), towards the end of the Yuan dynasty. According to the British Museum they are the earliest dated blue-and-white porcelains. The date suggests that the blue-and-white technique was already sophisticated enough by the late Yuan period for works of such quality to be produced. At the time they were collected by Percival David, the blue and white style was thought to have been invented during the next Ming dynasty, and the vases played a role in overturning that assumption and placing it under the Yuan dynasty. However, some scholars now push the date even further back, to the Song dynasty.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Isolated examples of blue-and-white ceramics from the Tang dynasty have also been found, for example, a blue and white stoneware plate with floral motif (cobalt-blue pigment over white slip), manufactured in kilns in Gongxian, Henan, was found in the Belitung shipwreck, dated ca. 825–850 during the Tang dynasty.[8][9]
Blue and white standard
As the only firmly dated Yuan dynasty porcelains for many years, the vases have been considered as "one of the main cornerstones in the chronology of blue and white", and "linchpin in studies of the development of Chinese ceramics with underglaze blue decorations",Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and the standard by which all other Yuan dynasty blue-and-white pieces may be compared. However, it is also argued that the pieces were produced in a period of upheaval and instability in the closing years of the Yuan dynasty, therefore should only be considered as representative of Yuan blue-and-white at its ebb. High quality Yuan porcelain from officially-controlled kilns have since been found.[10]
It was believed that early blue-and-white ware was produced only for export, and that blue-and-white was denigrated in China before it gained acceptance. The early Ming work Gegu Yaolun (格古要論) described blue and multi-coloured ware as "exceedingly vulgar". However, the David vases showed that blue-and-white porcelains were produced for local consumption during the Yuan dynasty, and more Yuan blue-and-white wares have since been uncovered.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Media
The vases are listed in the BBC programme A History of the World in 100 Objects.[1]
References
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- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A History of the World in 100 Objects". BBC.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scott, Rosemary (1989). Imperial Taste: Chinese Ceramics from the Percival David Foundation. Chronicle Books. pp. 54–55. ISBN 9780877016168.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The David Vases (Chinese porcelain)". Khan Academy. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Krahl, Regina; Harrison-Hall, Jessica (2009). Chinese Ceramics: Highlights of the Sir Percival David Collection. British Museum. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780714124544.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wang, Audrey (July 2012). Chinese Antiquities: An Introduction to the Art Market. Lund Humphries Publishing. ISBN 9781409455455.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gerritsen, Anne (2020). The City of Blue and White. Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–120. ISBN 9781108499958.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."altar-vase". British Museum.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bekken, Deborah A.; Niziolek, Lisa C.; Feinman, Gary M. (1 February 2018). China: Visions through the Ages. University of Chicago Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-226-45617-1.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kadoi, Yuka (31 July 2019). Islamic Chinoiserie: The Art of Mongol Iran. Edinburgh University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4744-6967-8.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yaw, Lu; Lee, Kong Chian (1998). Lee Kong Chian Art Museum. Singapore University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9789971691554.
Bibliography
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kessler, Adam T. (25 July 2012). Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-23127-6.
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