Denotified Tribes

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Denotified Tribes[1] are the tribes in India that were listed originally under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871,[2] as Criminal Tribes and "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences." Once a tribe became "notified" as criminal, all its members were required to register with the local magistrate, failing which they would be charged with a crime under the Indian Penal Code.

The Criminal Tribes Act was repealed in 1949 and thus 'de-notified' the tribal communities.[3] This Act, however, was replaced by a series of Habitual Offenders Acts, that asked police to investigate a suspect's "criminal tendencies" and whether their occupation is "conducive to settled way of life." The denotified tribes were reclassified as "habitual offenders" in 1959.

The name "Criminal Tribes" is itself a misnomer as no definition of tribe denotes occupation, but they were identified as tribes "performing" their primary occupation. The first census was in 1871 and at that time there was no consensus nor any definition of what constitutes a "tribe". The terms "tribe" and "caste" were used interchangeably for these tribes.

Call for repeal

The UN's anti-discrimination body Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) asked India to repeal the Habitual Offenders Act (1952) and effectively rehabilitate the denotified and nomadic tribes on 9 March 2007.[4]

Reservations

In 2008, the National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (NCDNSNT) of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment recommended equal reservations, as available to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, for around 110 million people belonging to the denotified tribes, nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes in India.[5] Along with the tribes designated as, "Nomadic" or "Semi-Nomadic", the denotified tribes are eligible for reservation.[6][7]

List of Denotified tribes

Here are a list of tribes and castes which were listed under Criminal Tribes Act during the British Raj.

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."List Of Vimukt Jatis (Denotifiedl Tribes) and Tapriwas Jatis". Directorate of Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of Haryana. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
  2. ^ Year of Birth - 1871: Mahasweta Devi on India's Denotified Tribes Script error: No such module "webarchive". by Mahasveta Devi. indiatogether.org.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Halbar, B. G. (1986). Lamani Economy and Society in Change: Socio-cultural Aspects of Economic Change Among the Lamani of North Karnataka. Mittal Publications. p. 18.
  4. ^ Repeal the Habitual Offenders Act and affectively rehabilitate the denotified tribes, UN to India Script error: No such module "webarchive". Asian Tribune, Mon, 19 March 2007.
  5. ^ Panel favours reservation for nomadic tribes by Raghvendra Rao, Indian Express, 21 August 2008.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Neelabh Mishra (6 October 2008). "A Little Caravanserai". Outlook. 48 (40): 14.
  7. ^ List of Castes – Maharashtra State Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. New Delhi, India: Routledge. p. 542. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pawar, S. N.; Patil, Rajendra B. (1994). Problems and prospects of development, cooperation, voluntaryism, communication, social tensions and weaker sections in rural India. Mittal Publications. p. 187. ISBN 978-81-7099-570-8.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sharma, Rajendra Kumar (1998). Criminology and Penology. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-7156-754-6.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ibbetson, Sir Denzil; Maclagan (1990). Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province. Asian Educational Services. p. 70. ISBN 978-81-206-0505-3.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bhukya, Dr Saidulu. Banjaras of Medieval Deccan: Trade, Transport and Itinerant Communities. Readworthy. ISBN 978-93-81512-80-7.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hollins, Samuel Thomas (1914). The Criminal Tribes of the United Provinces. Government Press, United Provinces. p. 80.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kennedy, Michael (1985). The Criminal Classes in India. Mittal Publications. p. 272.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."British coined criminal tribes to describe ruthless robbers | Lucknow News - Times of India". The Times of India. TNN. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

Further reading

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