Dimasa language
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| Dimasa | |
|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Assam, Nagaland |
| Ethnicity | Dimasa |
Native speakers | 137,184 (2011 census (Dima Hasao))[1] |
| Dialects | |
| Latin script, Eastern Nagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | dis |
| Glottolog | dima1251 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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The Dimasa language is a Boroic language spoken by the Dimasa people of the Northeastern Indian states of Assam and Nagaland. The Dimasa language is known to Dimasas as "Grao-Dima" and it is similar to Boro, Kokborok and Garo languages. The Dimasa language is one of the oldest languages spoken in North East India, particularly in Assam, Nagaland.
Etymology
The word Dimasa etymologically translates to Children [sa] of the big river [dima]", i.e. the mighty Tsang, which is known as Brahmaputra by the Assamese. The Dimasa word dzi/Dí, meaning water, forms the root of the names of many of the major rivers of Assam and of North East India in general, such as Dibang (plenty of water), Diyung (huge river), Dikrang (green river), Dikhow (fetched water), and many others. The Brahmaputra is known as Tsangi (the purifier) and Lohit is known as Di Lao (long river) among the Dimasas even now.
Many of the important towns and cities in Assam and Nagaland received their names from Dimasa words such as Diphu, Maibang, Dimabang (a capital of the Dimasa Kingdom) etc. In fact, the Dimasa language is one of the last languages of North East India to retain its original vocabulary without being compromised by foreign languages.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Geographical distribution
Dimasa is spoken in:
- Assam: Dima Hasao district (formerly North Cachar Hills district), Cachar district, Karbi Anglong district, West Karbi Anglong district, Nagaon district, Hojai district (formerly a part of Nagaon district)
- Nagaland
- Meghalaya
- Mizoram
Phonology
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Vowels
There are six vowels in Dimasa language.
| Front | Central | Back | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | ROM | Script | IPA | ROM | Script | IPA | ROM | Script | |
| Close | i | i | u | u | |||||
| Close-mid | e | e | o | o | |||||
| Mid | ə | ə | |||||||
| Open | a | a | |||||||
- All vowels can occurs in all three positions, except /Script error: No such module "IPA"./ which occurs only medially.
Diphthongs
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
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Consonants
There are sixteen consonants in the Dimasa language.
| Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | ROM | Script | IPA | ROM | Script | IPA | ROM | Script | IPA | ROM | Script | ||
| Nasal | m | m | n | n | ŋ | ng | |||||||
| Stop | aspirated | pʰ | ph | tʰ | th | kʰ | kh | ||||||
| voiced | b | b | d | d | ɡ | g | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | s | ||||||||||
| voiced | z | z | ɦ | h | |||||||||
| Trill/Flap | r ~ ɾ | r | |||||||||||
| Approximant | voiced | w | w | j | y | ||||||||
| lateral | l | l | |||||||||||
- The three voiceless aspirated stops, /Script error: No such module "IPA"./, are unreleased in syllable final position. Their unaspirated voiced counterparts are released and cannot occur word final position.
- Sometimes /Script error: No such module "IPA"./ are pronounced as /Script error: No such module "IPA"./ respectively.
- The consonants /Script error: No such module "IPA"./ can occur in all position.
- The consonants /Script error: No such module "IPA"./ cannot occur in Dimasa indigenous words, but can occur in loan words.
- The consonants /Script error: No such module "IPA"./ cannot appear in word final positions in Dimasa.
- The consonants /Script error: No such module "IPA"./ cannot appear in word initial positions.
Grammar
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Dimasa is an inflectional language. The verbs are inflected for number, tense, case, voice, aspect, mood but not for gender and person.
Pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | ang | jing |
| Second person | ning | nishi |
| Third person | bo | bunshi |
Sentence syntax
The verb is rarely inflected for person and gender.
Subject–object–verb word order is usual; Object–verb–subject word order also occurs.
Writing system
Dimasa is written using Latin script, which has been introduced in the lower primary education system in Dima Hasao District. The main guiding force behind it is the Dimasa Lairidim Hosom, a literary apex body of the Dimasa community.[3]
The Bengali script is used in Cachar, where the Bengali people live alongside Dimasas.[4]
See also
Notes
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Statement 1: Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018 – via Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jacquesson, François (2017). "The linguistic reconstruction of the past The case of the Boro-Garo languages". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 40 (1). Translated by van Breugel, Seino: 90–122. doi:10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tribes of Assam". online.assam.gov.in. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Index of Languages by Writing System". Omniglot. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
References
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brahma, Pratima (2014). Phonology and Morphology of Bodo and Dimasa: A Comparative Study (PhD thesis). Assam University. hdl:10603/21160.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Endle, Sidney (1911). The Kacháris. Macmillan.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Evans, Jonathan P.; Langthasa, Dhrubajit (2024). Dimasa Language: Structure and Texts. Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica Taipei.
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External links
- Dimasa Language Resource collection of Dimasa language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive
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