Doabi dialect

Doabi
ਦੁਆਬੀ دوآبی
Native to	Punjab Himachal Pradesh
Region	Doaba
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabi Eastern Punjabi Doabi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	doab1238
ELP	Template:Endangered Languages Project
Linguasphere	Template:Infobox language/lingualist
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Doabi in lime

Doabi (Standard: ; Doabi: ), also known as Bist Doabi or Jalandhari, is an eastern dialect of the Punjabi language. The dialect is named after the region in which it originated, Doaba or Bist Doab, between the Beas and Sutlej. Its occurrence in parts of Pakistani Punjab owes to post-1947 migration of Punjabi Muslim populace from East Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: the Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr districts of Punjab and in lower parts of Una district of Himachal Pradesh.

The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonantal Inventory of Punjabi

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Velar	Glottal
Plosive/Affricate	Tenuis	p	t̪	t͡ʃ	ʈ	k
	Aspirated	pʰ*	t̪ʰ	t͡ʃʰ*	ʈʰ	kʰ
	Voiced	b	d	d͡ʒ*	ɖ	g
Fricative		f	s*, z*	ʃ		x*
Approximant		ʋ		j*		ɣ*	ɦ
Nasal		m	n		ɳ*
Lateral			l		ɭ*
Tap/Flap			ɾ		ɽ

Spirantisation of // and // is quite common in Punjabi, but this is less apparent in Doaba. Similarly, other Persian-borrowed phonemes are also pronounced in a more indigenous manner. are pronounced respectively. Another surprising aspect is that is almost always pronounced as .

Debuccalisation of , to in between vowels also occurs.

Among youngesters, and are often replaced with and . Though, some will replace all instances of alveolar and with retroflex and as a form of hypercorrection.

Consonants and are often realised as nasal and lateral flaps respectively.

Doabi's fortition at the start of a stressed syllable to as in (big) to .

Doabis often substitute /z/ with /d͡ʒ/, especially in uneducated speech.

Also, the vowel is pronounced . Accordingly, (happy) becomes or (to beat - noun form) becomes . In Doabi, any word beginning with stressed is pronounced . For example, the word (to pull - noun form) is pronounced as or the word (in [something]) is pronounced as . Similarly, can be realised as [o] in certain environments, such as in (dream) to .

The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana District, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari.

Consonant	Doabi word	English translation
⟨ਪ/پ⟩		‘moment’ (ਪਲ/پل)
⟨ਫ/پھ⟩		‘fruit’ (ਫਲ/پھل)
⟨ਬ/ب⟩		‘firewood’(ਬਾਲਣ/بالݨ)
⟨ਤ/ت⟩		‘wire’ (ਤਾਰ/تار)
⟨ਥ/تھ⟩		‘round tray’(ਥਾਲ/تھال)
⟨ਦ/د⟩		‘pulse’ (ਦਾਲ/دال)
⟨ਟ/ٹ⟩		‘pile’ (ਟਾਲ/ٹال)
⟨ਠ/ٹھ⟩		‘correct’ (ਠੀਕ/ٹھیک)
⟨ਡ/ڈ⟩		‘mail’ (ਡਾਕ/ڈاک)
⟨ਛ/چھ⟩		‘imprint’ (ਛਾਪ/چھپ)
⟨ਜ/ج⟩		leech (ਜੋਕ/جوک)
⟨ਕ/ک⟩		‘crow’ (ਕਾਗ/کاگ)
⟨ਖ/کھ⟩		‘open’ (ਖੋਲ/کھول)
⟨ਗ/گ⟩		‘abuse’ (ਗਾਲ਼/گالؕ)
⟨ਮ/م⟩		‘peacock’ (ਮੋਰ/مور)
⟨ਬ/ن⟩		‘male’ (ਬੰਦਾ/نر)
* ⟨ਣ/ݨ⟩		‘now’ (ਹੁਣ/ہݨ)
⟨ਲ/ل⟩		‘red’ (ਰੱਤਾ/رتہ)
* ⟨ਲ਼/لؕ⟩		‘near’ (ਕੋਲ਼/کولؕ)
( ⟨ਸ/س⟩)		‘hear’ (ਸੁਣ/سݨ)
( ⟨ਸ਼/ش⟩)		‘lion’ (ਸ਼ੇਰ/شیر)
( ⟨ਜ਼/ز⟩)		‘strength’ (ਜ਼ੋਰ/زور)
( ⟨ਫ਼/ف⟩)		‘distance’ (ਫ਼ਾਸਲਾ/فاصلہ)
⟨ਹ/ح/ہ⟩		‘more’ (ਹੋਰ/ہور)
⟨ਰ/ر⟩		‘disease’ (ਰੋਗ/روگ)
* ⟨ੜ/ڑ⟩		‘pain’ (ਪੀੜ/پِیڑ)

* does not occur word initially

Vowels

	Front		Center	Back
	Long	Short		Long	Short
Close					ʊ
Mid-close
Mid-open
Open

Doabi has ten vowels. These are

Nasalisation in Punjabi is phonemic too, with nasal equivalents of all peripheral vowels vowels.

For example:

Vowel	Word	Translation
ਅ	ਅੱਖ //	'eye'
ਉ	ਉਠ //	‘awake’
ਇ	ਇੱਟ //	‘brick’
ਆ	ਆਸ //	‘hope’
ਐ	ਐਨਕ //	spectacles’
ਊ	ਊਠ //	‘camel’
ਏ	ਸ਼ੇਰ //	‘lion’
ਓ	ਮੋਰ //	‘peacock’
ਔ	//	‘fear’
ਈ	ਤੀਰ //	‘arrow’

One of the most distinctive features of Doabi is how its short close vowels are pronounced. Phonemically, they are:

But are phonetically:

Tone

Three tones are used in Doabi: low, mid and high. For example;

Tone	Doabi word	English translation
Falling	ਭਾ pà	‘rate’
Neutral	ਪਾ pa	‘put’
Rising	ਪਾਹ pá	‘harsh’

This tonogenesis occurred from the historic loss of breathy voiced consonants. Word-initially, they became voiceless plosives, but remained voiced word-medially and finally. This loss of phonemes led to tone to distinguish between similar morphemes.

When the consonant (that was breathy-voiced) is word initial, the vowel that follows has a falling tone. When the consonant is medial or word-final, it has a rising tone.

Loss of word-final also led to a rising tone in the preceding vowel.

Stress, however can change what tone on what syllable is present.

Stress

Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.

Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.

For example:

Doabi word	English translation
ਘੜਾ /'kə̀ɽa:/	‘pitcher’
ਘੜਾ /kə'ɽà:/	‘to shape, sculpt, mold’

Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;

Unstressed	Doabi word	English translation
s	satt	‘essence’
	sirnawa	‘address’

Stressed	Doabi word	English translation
s	sat	‘seven’
tt	patta	‘leaf’

Grammar

Sentence structure

Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the "Aistaran/Enj," "Jistaran/Jivven," and "Kistaran/Kivven," used in Punjabi's prestige dialect, Majhi.

Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)

Examples:

Phrase	Doabi	Standard Punjabi
He is doing	Oh kardā ā ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਆ اوہ کردا آ	Oh kardā ɛ̀/e* ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ/ਏ* اوہ کردا ہے/اے
They are doing	Oh karde (y)ā ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਆ اوہ کردے آ	Oh karde han ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ اوہ کردے ہِن
	*spoken forms

Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi

Examples:

Phrase	Doabi	Standard Punjabi
He was doing	oh kardā sī/sīgā ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ اوہ کردا سی/سیگا	oh kardā sī ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ اوہ کردا سی
They were doing	oh karde sī/sīge ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ /ਸੀਗੇ اوہ کردے سی/سیگے	oh karde san ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ (also ਸਣ in spoken Majhi) اوہ کردے سن
You (sing. m.) were doing	tũ kardā sī/sīgā ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ توں کردا سی/سیگا	tũ kardā sɛ̃ ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੈਂ توں کردا سیں
You (pl.) were doing	tusī̃ karde sī/sīge ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ تسی کردے سی/سیگے	tusī̃ karde so ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੋ تسی کردے سو
I (m.) was doing	mɛ̃ kardā sī/sīgā ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ میں کردا سی/سیگا	mɛ̃ kardā sã ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸਾਂ میں کردا ساں
We were doing	āppā karde sī/sīge ਆਪਾਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ آپاں کردے سی/سیگے	asī̃ karde sã ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਾਂ اسیں کردےساں

Vocabulary

Doabi	English	Standard Punjabi
ਹੋਊਗਾ "hōūgā"	Will Happen	"hōvēgā"
"bāɽa"	Cow shed	"havelī"
ਧੌਣ "dhauṇ"	Neck	"gardan"
"pāḷā "	Cold	"thand"
"kunjī"	Key	"chābbī"
"gaṭhe"	Onions	"ganḍē"
"niāṇe"	Children	"bacche"
"Dekhṇa"	To See	"Vekhṇā"
"kardā sī	To Be Doing	"kar ría ɛ̀"
"gábbe"	Middle	"vichkār"
"līre/talle"	Clothes	"kappaṛe"
"lītā"	Bought	"Leyayea"

Some basic vocabulary items

Doabi word	English translation
	‘father’
	‘sister’
	‘brother’
	‘apple’
	‘paddy’
	‘elder’

Orthography

Doabi uses the Gurmukhi script.

Tone that occurs from the loss of breathy voiced consonants is shown through the following characters in orthography:

• ਘ
• ਝ
• ਢ
• ਧ
• ਭ
• ੜ੍ਹ

See also

• Languages of Pakistan
• Languages of India
• List of Indian languages by total speakers
• Malwi dialect
• Puadhi dialect
• Omission of word-final shwa in Indo-Aryan languages