Dyaus

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Dyaus
Member of Thirty-three gods
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The sky over India
Other namesAkasha
Devanagariद्यौस्
AffiliationDeva, Pancha Bhuta
AbodeDyuloka, Sky (Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)
SymbolBull
TextsRigveda
ConsortPrithvi
OffspringIndra, Surya, Ushas, and the other gods
Equivalents
GreekOuranos (Functional equivalent)
Zeus (mainly etymological)[1]
Indo-EuropeanDyēus
NorseOdin (as the Father of the gods)
Tyr (mainly etymological)
RomanCaelus (Functional equivalent)
Jupiter (mainly etymological)

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Dyaus (Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौस्, IAST: Script error: No such module "lang".) or Dyauspitr (Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौष्पितृ, IAST: Script error: No such module "lang".) is the Rigvedic sky deity. His consort is Prithvi, the earth goddess, and together they are the archetypal parents in the Rigveda.[2]

Etymology

Script error: No such module "lang". stems from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dyā́wš, from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) daylight-sky god Script error: No such module "Lang"., and is cognate with the Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". – Zeus Patēr, or Dei-pátrous, and Latin Jupiter (from Old Latin Dies piter Script error: No such module "Lang".), stemming from the PIE Script error: No such module "Lang". ("Daylight-sky Father").Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

The noun Script error: No such module "lang". (when used without the Script error: No such module "lang". 'father') refers to the daylight sky, and occurs frequently in the Rigveda, as an entity. The sky in Vedic writing was described as rising in three tiers: Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., and Script error: No such module "lang". or Script error: No such module "lang"..[3]

Literature

Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́ appears in hymns with Prithvi Mata, 'Mother Earth' in the ancient Vedic scriptures of Hinduism.[4]

In the Ṛg·veda, Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́ appears in verses 1.89.4, 1.90.7, 1.164.33, 1.191.6, 4.1.10. and 4.17.4[5] He is also referred to under different theonyms: Dyavaprithvi, for example, is a dvandva compound combining 'heaven' and 'earth' as Dyauṣ and Prithvi.

Dyauṣ's most defining trait is his paternal role.[6] His daughter, Uṣas, personifies dawn.[7] The gods, especially Sūrya, are stated to be the children of Dyauṣ and Prithvi.[8] Dyauṣ's other sons include Agni, Parjanya, the Ādityas, the Maruts, and the Angirases.[6][8] The Ashvins are called "divó nápāt", meaning offspring/progeny/grandsons of Dyauṣ.[6][9] Dyauṣ is often visualized as a roaring animal, often a bull, who fertilizes the earth.[6] Dyauṣ is also known for the rape of his own daughter,[10] which Jamison and Brereton (2014) state is "obliquely but vividly" mentioned in the Rigveda.[8]

Dyauṣ is also stated to be like a black stallion studded with pearls in a simile with the night sky.[6]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Indra's separation of Dyauṣ and Prithvi is celebrated in the Rigveda as an important creation myth.[8]

In the Mahabharata Bhishma is the human incarnation of Dyaus after the Vasus got cursed to living a human life on earth for stealing from Vasishtha out of pride and desire. 7 of the Vasus got forgiven quickly but Dyaus the one who lead the act by physically stealing from Vasistha was singled out to remain on earth for a long duration, while the others were liberated shortly after birth. Dyaus incarnated as Devavrata, who later became known as Bhishma.[11][12].

See also

References

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  1. ^ Zeus's main Hindu equivalent is Indra. Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Indra | Hindu God of War, Rain & Thunder | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shri, Satya (23 January 2017). Demystifying Brahminism and Re-Inventing Hinduism: Volume 1 - Demystifying Brahminism. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-946515-54-4.
  3. ^ Ṛg·veda, 5.60.6.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Leeming, David; Fee, Christopher (2016). The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-538-7.
  5. ^ Sanskrit: Ṛg·veda, Wikisource; translation: Ralph T. H. Griffith Rigveda, Wikisource
  6. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1897). Vedic Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–22.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dalal, Roshen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. ISBN 9788184752779. Entry: "Dyaus"
  8. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel P. (2014). The Rigveda –– The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.West, M. L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-19-928-075-9.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.York, Michael (2016). Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion (1st ed. 2016 ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer. p. 313. ISBN 978-3-319-18923-9.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (1883–1896). "Section XCIX: Sambhava Parva". The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Bharata Press. Retrieved 20 January 2026.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."On Bhishma as Sky Father Incarnate: A Guest Post With Annotations". Arya Akasha. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2026.

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  • Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Oberlies, Thomas (1998). Die Religion des Rgveda. Vienna: Institut für Indologie der Universität Wien.

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