E

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E (minuscule: e) is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is e (pronounced /ˈiː/ <phonos file="LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-E.wav"></phonos>); plural es, Es, or E's.[1]

It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish.[2][3][4][5][6]

Name

In English, the name of the letter is the "long E" sound, pronounced /ˈiː/. In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.

Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨e⟩ in European languages

History

Egyptian hieroglyph
qʼ 		Proto-Sinaitic Proto-Canaanite hillul Phoenician
He 		Western Greek
Epsilon 		Etruscan
E 		Latin
E
<hiero>A28</hiero> File:Alfabeto camuno-e.svg Latin E

The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (hillul, 'jubilation'), and was most likely based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation.

In Semitic, the letter represented Script error: No such module "IPA". (and Script error: No such module "IPA". in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent Script error: No such module "IPA".. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of ⟨e⟩ by language
Orthography Phonemes
Catalan /ə/, /ɛ/, /e/ (also /i/, /a/ or silent dial.)
Template:Nwr /ə/
English /ɛ/, /iː/, /ə/, /ɜː/, Script error: No such module "IPA".
French /ə/, /ɛ/, /e/
German /ɛ/, /eː/, /e/
Italian /e/, /ɛ/
Portuguese /ɛ/, /e/, /i/, /ɨ/, /j/, /ɐ/, Script error: No such module "IPA".
Spanish /e/
Turkish /e/

English

Although Middle English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and short /e/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long Script error: No such module "IPA". (as in me or bee) to Script error: No such module "IPA". while short /ɛ/ (as in met or bed) remained a mid vowel. In unstressed syllables, this letter is usually pronounced either as /ɪ/ or /ə/. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the end of words like queue.

Other languages

In the orthography of many languages, it represents either [e], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-central vowel Script error: No such module "IPA".. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". in English, ⟨ei⟩ for Script error: No such module "IPA". in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for Script error: No such module "IPA". in French or Script error: No such module "IPA". in German.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses Template:Angbr IPA for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.

Frequency

E is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English language alphabet and several other European languages,[7] which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. This makes it a harder letter to use when writing lipograms.

Other uses

Template:Main article

File:Avogadro's number in e notation.jpg
A scientific calculator display showing the Avogadro constant (6.02214076×1023 reciprocal moles) in E notation
  • In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, "E" corresponds to the number 14 in decimal (base 10) counting.
  • "e" is also commonly used to denote Euler's number.

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

Other representations

Computing

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Other

Template:Letter reps In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.

See also

Notes

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References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."E". Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780199571123. noun (plural Es or E's)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kelk, Brian. "Letter frequencies". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English Plain text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Central College. Archived from the original on July 8, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in Spanish". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in German". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Retrieved June 25, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grigas, Gintautas; Juškevičienė, Anita (March 26, 2018). "Letter Frequency Analysis of Languages Using Latin Alphabet". International Linguistics Research. 1 (1): 18. doi:10.30560/ilr.v1n1p18. ISSN 2576-2982.
  8. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Constable, Peter (April 19, 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (January 26, 2006). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (November 8, 2020). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2021.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Everson, Michael; et al. (March 20, 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (April 7, 2006). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (June 7, 2004). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (June 2, 2011). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

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