Edible frog

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File:Edible frogs, sounds. May. The Village of Krzemienica, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland.ogg
Sounds made by edible frogs
File:Green frog (Pelophylax esculentus complex) Danube delta.jpg
Pelophylax esculentus complex

The edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus)[1]Template:R/superscript[2]Template:R/superscript is a hybrid species of common European frog, also known as the common water frog or green frog (however, this latter term is also used for the North American species Rana clamitans).

It is used for food, particularly in France as well as Germany and Italy, for the delicacy frog legs.[3] Females are between 5 and 9 cm (2.0 and 3.5 in) long, males between 6 and 11 cm (2.4 and 4.3 in).

This widespread and common frog has many common names, including European dark-spotted frog, European black-spotted pond frog, and European black-spotted frog.

Distribution

Pelophylax esculentus is endemic to Europe. It naturally occurs from the northern half of France to western Russia, and from Estonia and Denmark to Bulgaria and northern Italy. The edible frog is introduced in Spain,[4] Norway[5] and the United Kingdom.[6] The natural range is nearly identical to that of P. lessonae.[7]

Hybridogenesis

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Pelophylax kl. esculentus is the fertile hybrid of the pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae) and the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus). It reproduces by hybridogenesis (hemiclonally).[8]Template:R/superscript[9]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript

Hybridogenesis implies that during gametogenesis hybrids (of RL genotype) exclude one parental genome (L or R) and produce gametes with an unrecombined genome of the other parental species (R or L, respectively), instead of containing mixed recombined parental genomes.[9]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript The hybrid populations are usually propagated by mating (backcrosses) with a sympatric parental species – P. lessonae (LL) or P. ridibundus (RR) – providing the second, discarded parental genome (L or R respectively).[9]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript Hybridogenesis is thus a hemiclonal mode of reproduction; half of the genome is transmitted to the next generation clonally, unrecombined (intact); the other half sexually, recombined.[13]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript

For example, in the most widespread so called L–E system, edible frogs Pelophylax kl. esculentus (RE) produce gametes of the marsh frog P. ridibundus (R) and mate with coexisting pool frogs Pelophylax lessonae (L gametes) – see below in the middle.[9]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript

File:Hybridogenesis in water frogs.gif
Example crosses between pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), marsh frog (P. ridibundus) and their hybrid, edible frog (P. kl. esculentus). The first is the primary hybridisation generating the hybrid; the second is the most widespread type of hybridogenesis.[9]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript

Because this hybrid requires another taxon as a sexual host to reproduce, usually one of the parental species, it is a klepton,[14]Template:R/superscript[15]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript hence the addition of the "kl." (for klepton) in the species name.[17]Template:R/superscript

There are also known all-hybrid populations, where diploid hybrids (LR) coexist with triploid (LLR or LRR) hybrids, providing L or R genomes respectively. In this situation, diploid hybrids (LR) generate not only haploid R or L gametes, but also the diploid gametes (RL) needed to recreate triploids.[9]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Frost, Darrel R. (2006). "Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 4". American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
  2. ^ Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York. Issued March 15, 2006.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Truman, Matthew (1843). "Food and its influence on food and disease". The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art. 1. Leavitt, Trow, & Company: 40.
  4. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pelophylax esculentus". artsdatabanken.no (in norsk). Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Non-native amphibians". The Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pelophylax esculentus, Edible Frog". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Berger, L. (1970). "Some characteristics of the crossess within Rana esculenta complex in postlarval development". Ann. Zool. 27: 374–416.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holsbeek, G.; Jooris, R. (2010). "Potential impact of genome exclusion by alien species in the hybridogenetic water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex)" (PDF). Biol Invasions. 12 (1). Springer Netherlands: 1–13. Bibcode:2010BiInv..12....1H. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9427-2. ISSN 1387-3547. S2CID 23535815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  10. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Christiansen D. G. (2009). "Gamete types, sex determination and stable equilibria of all-hybrid populations of diploid and triploid edible frogs (Pelophylax esculentus) Rana esculenta as deduced from mtDNA analyses". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (135): 135. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-135. PMC 2709657. PMID 19527499.
  11. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vorburger, Christoph; Reyer, Heinz-Ulrich (2003). "A genetic mechanism of species replacement in European waterfrogs?" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 4 (2). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 141–155. Bibcode:2003ConG....4..141V. doi:10.1023/A:1023346824722. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 20453910. Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  12. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ragghianti M, Bucci S, Marracci S, Casola C, Mancino G, Hotz H, Guex GD, Plötner J, Uzzell T (February 2007). "Gametogenesis of intergroup hybrids of hemiclonal frogs" (PDF). Genet. Res. 89 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1017/S0016672307008610. PMID 17517158. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Simon J.-C.; Delmotte F.; Rispe C.; Crease T. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships between parthenogens and their sexual relatives: the possible routes to parthenogenesis in animals" (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 79: 151–163. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00175.x. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dubois, Alain (2009). "Asexual and metasexual vertebrates. Book review". Alytes. 27 (2). ISSCA (International Society for the Study and Conservation of Amphibians): 62–66. Retrieved 2015-06-22. John C. Avise, 2008.–Clonality. The genetics, ecology, and evolution of sexual abstinence in vertebrate animals. New York, Oxford University Press: i-xi + 1-237. Template:ISBN.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dubois, A.; Günther, R. (1982). "Klepton and synklepton: two new evolutionary systematics categories in zoology". Zool. Jahrb. Syst. (Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere). 109. Jena; Stuttgart; New York.: Gustav Fischer Verlag: 290–305. ISSN 0044-5193.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Polls Pelaz, Manuel (October 1990). "The Biological Klepton Concept (BKC)". Alytes. 8 (3). ISSCA (International Society for the Study and Conservation of Amphibians): 75–89. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dubois, Alain (October 1990). "Nomenclature of parthenogenetic, gynogenetic and hybridogenetic vertebrate taxons: new proposals". Alytes. 8 (3). ISSCA (International Society for the Study and Conservation of Amphibians): 61–74. Archived from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2015-06-22.

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