Eocrinoidea
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The Eocrinoidea were an extinct class of echinoderms that lived between the Early Cambrian and Late Silurian periods. They are the earliest known group of stalked, brachiole-bearing echinoderms, and were the most common echinoderms during the Cambrian.
The earliest genera had a short holdfast and irregularly structured plates. Later forms had a fully developed stalk with regular rows of plates. They were benthic suspension feeders, with five ambulacra on the upper surface, surrounding the mouth and extending into a number of narrow arms.[1][2]
Phylogeny
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Early evolution
The following cladogram, after Nardin et al. 2017 with slight modifications,[4] shows the progression of early eocrinoid families, with all other eocrinoid families (including representatives Trachelocrinus and Ridersia) grouped with "derived Blastozoans" as their relationships with each other and with other blastozoans are not addressed.
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Relationships to other groups
Relationships among the eocrinidae and other blastozoan clades are an area of ongoing study. Below are two of many cladograms showing some aspect of eocrinoid paraphyly or polyphyly.
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Stalked Cambrian (and select Ordovician) echinoderms, after Zamora & Smith, 2011.[5] All genera except those bracketed as "Crinoids" are blastozoans.
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References
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- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. (Note: This source misspells "Lichenoididae" as "Lichenoidae", contrary to the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part S, Echinodermata 1, and incorrectly (per PBDB) and IRMNG) includes Lyracystis in Eocrinidae instead of Lyracystidae; this cladogram shows the more common spellings and placements.)
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- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. (Note: The text groups Sanducystis with eocrinoids as the outgroup, but the paper cited classifies it as a glyptocystitoid; it is shown un-bracketed on this page. Similarly, the text classifies Macurdablastus as a eublastoid, but the cited paper has it as the sister of Eublastoidea; it is shown outside of Eublastoidea on this page.)
Works cited
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 1007–1008. ISBN 978-0-03-056747-6.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dzik, Jerzy; Orłowski, Stanisław (1993). "The Late Cambrian eocrinoid Cambrocrinus". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 38 (1/2): 21–34.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jell, Peter A.; Sprinkle, James (2021). "Revision of Whitehouse's eocrinoids Peridionites and Cymbionites, with description of the associated fauna including two new echinoderm genera, lower Middle Cambrian Thorntonia Limestone, northwestern Queensland". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 45 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1080/03115518.2021.1913512.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nardin, Elise; Lefebvre, Bertrand; Fatka, Oldřich; Nohejlová, Martina; Kašička, Libor; Šinágl, Miroslav; Szabad, Michal (2017). "Evolutionary implications of a new transitional blastozoan echinoderm from the middle Cambrian of the Czech Republic". Journal of Paleontology. 91 (4): 672–684. Bibcode:2017JPal...91..672N. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.157.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Parsley, R. L. (2021). "Evolution, Functional Morphology and Paedomorphism in the Gogiid-Ascocystitid Lineage (Eocrinoidea; Cambrian-Ordovician)". Paleontological Journal. 55 (9): 966–976. Bibcode:2021PalJ...55..966P. doi:10.1134/S0031030121090100.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Paul, Christopher R. C.; Lefebvre, Bertrand; Nohejlová, Martina; Zamora, Samuel (2024). "Rhombifera Barrande, 1867, and the origin of the Blastoidea (Echinodermata, Blastozoa)". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 39: 90. doi:10.7203/sjp.28729. hdl:10550/118357.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Prothero, D. R. (2004). Bringing Fossils to Life; An Introduction to Paleobiology (2 ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill companies.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sepkoski, John J., Jr. (16 September 2002). "A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 362.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sheffield, S. L.; Sumrall, C. D. (2019). "The phylogeny of the Diploporita: a polyphyletic assemblage of blastozoan echinoderms". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (4): 740–752. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.2.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Smith, Andrew B. (1984). "Classification of the Echinodermata". Palaeontology. 27 (3): 431–459.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ubaghs, Georges (1967). "Eocrinoidea". In Moore, Raymond C. (ed.). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part S: Echinodermata 1. Vol. 1. University of Kansas Press. pp. S455–S495. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zamora, Samuel; Smith, A. B. (2011). "Cambrian stalked echinoderms show unexpected plasticity of arm construction". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 279 (1727): 293–298. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0777. PMC 3223674. PMID 21653588.
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