Euglenophyceae
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Euglenophyceae (ICNafp, proposed as a class) or Euglenea (ICZN, proposed as a class) is an unranked clade of single-celled algae belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa.[2][5] They have chloroplasts originated from an event of secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga. They are distinguished from other algae by the presence of paramylon as a storage product and three membranes surrounding each chloroplast.[6]
Description
Euglenophyceae are unicellular algae, protists that contain chloroplasts. Their chloroplasts originated from a secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga, particularly from the order Pyramimonadales,[7] and contain chlorophylls a and b.[2] Some have secondarily lost this ability and evolved toward osmotrophy. In addition to photosynthetic plastids, most species have a photosensitive eyespot.[5]
Ecology
Euglenophyceae are mainly present in the water column of freshwater habitats. They are abundant in small eutrophic water bodies of temperate climates, where they are capable of forming blooms, including toxic blooms such as those caused by Euglena sanguinea. In tropical climate, blooms are common in ponds. In marine environments they have been reported in a lower amount. Some species are capable of migrating vertically through the sand along with the cycles of ocean tides. Two lineages of Euglenophyceae are part of the marine plankton: Rapazida and Eutreptiales. Eutreptiales can amount up to 46% of the total phytoplankton biomass when blooming in eutrophic coastal waters.[5]
Classification
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| Cladogram of Euglenophyceae genera, based on a 18S rDNA phylogenetic analysis published in 2022.[8] |
Euglenophyceae encompasses three taxonomic groups: the mixotrophic Rapaza viridis and two mainly phototrophic orders, Euglenales and Eutreptiales.[1][5][9] The classification is as follows (species numbers based on AlgaeBase):[10]
- Order Euglenales Template:Au
- Family Euglenaceae [Euglenidae] Template:Au
- Colacium Template:Au – 17 spp.
- Cryptoglena Template:Au – 11 spp.
- Euglena Template:Au – 174 spp.
- Euglenaformis Template:Au – 3 spp.
- Euglenaria Template:Au – 4 spp.
- Monomorphina Template:Au – 17 spp.
- Strombomonas Template:Au – 99 spp.
- Trachelomonas Template:Au – 410 spp.
- Family Phacaceae [Phacidae] Template:Au
- Discoplastis Template:Au – 6 spp.
- Flexiglena Template:Au – 1 sp.
- Lepocinclis Template:Au – 90 spp.
- Phacus Template:Au – 188 spp.
- Family Euglenaceae [Euglenidae] Template:Au
- Order Eutreptiales
- Family Eutreptiaceae [Eutreptiidae] Template:Au
- Eutreptia Template:Au – 11 spp.
- Eutreptiella Template:Au – 9 spp.
- Family Eutreptiaceae [Eutreptiidae] Template:Au
- Order Rapazida Template:Au
- Family Rapazidae Template:Au
- Rapaza Template:Au – 1 sp.
- Family Rapazidae Template:Au
Several genera assigned to Euglenophyceae are considered incertae sedis, because the lack of genetic data makes their phylogenetic position unresolved:[5]
- Ascoglena Template:Au – 4 spp.
- Euglenamorpha Template:Au – 2 spp.
- Euglenopsis Template:Au – 11 spp.
- Glenoclosterium Template:Au – 1 sp.
- Hegneria Template:Au – 1 sp.
- Klebsina Template:Au – 1 sp.
- Euglenocapsa Template:Au – 1 sp.
- Menoidium Template:Au – 28 spp.
- Parmidium Template:Au – 10 spp.
References
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Birger Marin; Anne Palm; Max Klingberg; Michael Melkonian (1 April 2003). "Phylogeny and taxonomic revision of plastid-containing euglenophytes based on SSU rDNA sequence comparisons and synapomorphic signatures in the SSU rRNA secondary structure". Protist. 154 (1): 99–145. doi:10.1078/143446103764928521. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 12812373.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sina M. Adl; David Bass; Christopher E. Lane; et al. (1 January 2019). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi:10.1111/JEU.12691. ISSN 1066-5234. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kostygov, Alexei Y.; Karnkowska, Anna; Votýpka, Jan; Tashyreva, Daria; Maciszewski, Kacper; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav; Lukeš, Julius (2021-03-10). "Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses". Open Biology. 11 (3). doi:10.1098/rsob.200407. ISSN 2046-2441. PMC 8061765. PMID 33715388.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2016-10-01). "Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 56: 250–276. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.003. ISSN 0932-4739.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Alexei Y. Kostygov; Anna Karnkowska; Jan Votýpka; Daria Tashyreva; Kacper Maciszewski; Vyacheslav Yurchenko; Julius Lukeš (10 March 2021). "Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses". Open Biology. 11 200407. doi:10.1098/RSOB.200407. ISSN 2046-2441. PMC 8061765. PMID 33715388.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lee RE (2018). Phycology (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316407219. ISBN 978-1-107-55565-5.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gordon Lax; Alastair G. B. Simpson (16 August 2020). "The Molecular Diversity of Phagotrophic Euglenids Examined Using Single-cell Methods". Protist. 171 (5) 125757. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2020.125757. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 33126020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rackevei, Antonia S.; Karnkowska, Anna; Wolf, Matthias (2023). "18S rDNA sequence–structure phylogeny of the Euglenophyceae (Euglenozoa, Euglenida)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (2). doi:10.1111/jeu.12959. ISSN 1066-5234. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carlos E. de M. Bicudo; Mariângela Menezes (16 March 2016). "Phylogeny and Classification of Euglenophyceae: A Brief Review". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 4. doi:10.3389/FEVO.2016.00017. ISSN 2296-701X.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Guiry MD, Guiry GM (25 May 2020). "AlgaeBase". World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
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