Eupatorium

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Eupatorium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing from 36 to 60 species depending on the classification system. Most are herbaceous perennials growing to 0.5–3 m (1.6–9.8 ft) tall. A few are shrubs. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The type species of the genus Eupatorium cannabinum, which is also the sole European species, is known as hemp-agrimony. Most in North America are commonly called boneset, thoroughwort or snakeroot. The genus is named after Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus.[3]

Systematics and taxonomy

Eupatorium has at times been held to contain as many as 800 species,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. but many of these have been moved (at least by some authors) to other genera, including Ageratina, Chromolaena, Condylidium, Conoclinium, Critonia, Cronquistianthus, Eutrochium, Fleischmannia, Flyriella, Hebeclinium, Koanophyllon, Mikania, and Tamaulipa.[4]

The classification of the tribe Eupatorieae, including species placed in Eupatorium in the present or past, is an area of ongoing research, so further changes are likely. What seems fairly certain by now is that there is a monophyletic group containing Eupatorium (about 42 species of white flowered plants in North America, Europe and Asia, but not South America) and the Joe-pye weeds (Eutrochium), and possibly others.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Uses

Eupatorium are grown as ornamental plants, particularly in Asia.[5] A number of popular ornamental plants formerly included in Eupatorium have been moved to other genera, such as Bartlettina and Conoclinium.

Tobacco leaf curl virus is a pathogen occasionally affecting plants of this genus. The foliage is eaten by some Lepidoptera larvae, including those of Orthonama obstipata (The Gem).

Medical use

The common names for the plants are all based on the previous usage of one species, Eupatorium perfoliatum, as an herbal medicine. Despite its name, boneset is not used to treat broken bones,[6][unreliable source?] instead the common name apparently derives from the herb's use to treat dengue fever, which was also called breakbone fever because of the pain that it caused. The name thoroughwort also comes from Eupatorium perfoliatum, and refers to the perfoliate leaves, in which the stem appears to pierce the leaf (i.e. go through, note that in older usage "thorough" was not distinguished from "through", compare for example the word thoroughfare).

Boneset, although poisonous to humans and grazing livestock, has been used in folk medicine,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. for instance to excrete excess uric acid which causes gout. Caution is advised when using boneset, since it contains toxic compounds that can cause liver damage.[citation needed] Side effects include muscular tremors, weakness, and constipation; overdoses may be deadly.

Selected species

File:Eupatorium cannabinum ziedai, 2006-07-22.JPG
Hemp-agrimony, Eupatorium cannabinum
File:Eupatorium perfoliatum 001.JPG
Common boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum

North America

  • Eupatorium album L.– white thoroughwortLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium altissimum L. – tall thoroughwortLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium anomalum Nash – Florida thoroughwort[7] an apomictic hybrid derivative of Eupatorium mohrii and Eupatorium rotundifolium[8]
  • Eupatorium capillifolium (Lamarck) Small – dog-fennelLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium compositifolium Walter – YankeeweedLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium godfreyanum Cronquist, an apomictic hybrid derivative of Eupatorium rotundifolium and Eupatorium sessilifolium[9]
  • Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. – hyssop-leaved thoroughwortLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium lancifolium (Torrey & A.Gray) Small – lance-leaved thoroughwortLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium leptophyllum DC. – false fennelLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torrey & A.Gray – justiceweedLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium linearifolium Walter – (Eupatorium cuneifolium)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium maritimum E.E.Schill. – an apomictic hybrid derivative of Eupatorium mohrii and Eupatorium serotinum[8]
  • Eupatorium mikanioides Chapman – semaphore thoroughwortLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium mohrii Greene – Mohr's thoroughwortLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium novae-angliae (Fernald) V.I.Sullivan ex A.Haines & Sorrie [7] an apomictic hybrid derivative of Eupatorium paludicola and Eupatorium perfoliatum[10]
  • Eupatorium paludicola E.E.Schill. & LeBlond – swamp thoroughwort, until 2007 classified as part of Eupatorium leucolepis[10]
  • Eupatorium perfoliatum L. – common bonesetLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium petaloideum Britton – showy white thoroughwort, often considered to be part of Eupatorium album[7]
  • Eupatorium pilosum Walter – rough boneset, often considered to be part of Eupatorium rotundifolium[7]
  • Eupatorium resinosum Torrey ex DC. – pine barren bonesetLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7][11]
  • Eupatorium rotundifolium L. – round-leaved thoroughwortLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium semiserratum DC. – smallflower thoroughwortLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium serotinum L. – late boneset, late thoroughwortLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium sessilifolium L. – upland bonesetLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[7]
  • Eupatorium sullivaniae E.E.Schill. – an apomictic hybrid derivative of Eupatorium album and Eupatorium lancifolium[12]

Europe

  • Eupatorium cannabinum L. – hemp-agrimonyLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[13]

Asia

File:Eupatorium makinoi2.jpg
Eupatorium makinoi
  • Eupatorium amabile Kitam.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[14]
  • Eupatorium benguetense C.RobinsonLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Eupatorium camiguinense Merr.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Eupatorium chinense L.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[14]
  • Eupatorium formosanum HayataLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[14]
  • Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. – fujibakama, pei lanLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Eupatorium japonicum Thunb.[15] (often included in E. chinense[16])
  • Eupatorium leonardii Ferreras & E.E.Lamont|[17]
  • Eupatorium lindleyanum DC.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[14]
  • Eupatorium luchuense NakaiLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[14]
  • Eupatorium makinoi T.Kawahara & T.Yahara (see E. chinense[16])
  • Eupatorium nodiflorum DC.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Eupatorium quaternum DC.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Eupatorium sambucifolium ElmerLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Eupatorium shimadai Kitam.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Eupatorium squamosum D.DonLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Eupatorium tashiroi HayataLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[14]
  • Eupatorium toppingianum ElmerLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Eupatorium variabile MakinoLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Eupatorium yakushimaense Masam. & KitamLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Moved to other genera

References

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  1. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  2. ^ Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.King, R. M.; Robinson, H. (1987). "The genera of Eupatorieae (Asteraceae)". Monographs in Systematic Botany, Missouri Botanical Garden. 22: 1–581.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yohei, Sasaki; Atsushi, Matsumoto; Michio, Takido; Mamoru, Yoshimura; Seiji, Nagumo (2006). "Study on Eupatorium Plants Called "Fujibakama"". Japanese Journal of Pharmacognosy. 60 (1): 15–20. ISSN 1349-9114. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Boneset". herbs2000.com.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edward E. Schilling; Kunsiri Chaw Siripun (2016). "Systematics of the Eupatorium mohrii Complex (Asteraceae)". Systematic Botany. 41 (3): x–y. doi:10.1600/036364416X692361. S2CID 89429550.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kunsiri Chaw Siripun; Edward E. Schilling (2006). "Molecular confirmation of the hybrid origin of Eupatorium gaurav Singh godfreyanum (Asteraceae)". American Journal of Botany. 93 (2): 319–325. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.2.319. PMID 21646192.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schilling, Edward E.; Leblond, Richard J.; Sorrie, Bruce A.; Weakley, Alan S. (2007). "Relationships Of The New England Boneset, Eupatorium Novae-Angliae (Asteraceae)". Rhodora. 109 (938): 145. doi:10.3119/0035-4902(2007)109[145:ROTNEB]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0035-4902. S2CID 86020312.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.DL Byers (1998). "Effect of cross proximity on progeny fitness in a rare and a common species of Eupatorium (Asteraceae)". American Journal of Botany. 85 (5): 644–653. doi:10.2307/2446533. JSTOR 2446533. PMID 21684945.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edward E. Schilling (2011). "Systematics of the Eupatorium album complex (Asteraceae) from eastern North America". Systematic Botany. 36 (4): 1088–1100. doi:10.1600/036364411X605083. S2CID 86157020.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hemp-agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum L." PlantAtlas. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Eupatorium Linn". Dinghushan Plant Checklist.
  16. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Asteraceae Tribe Eupatorieae (Draft)". Flora of China. Archived from the original on 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lamont, E.E; Ferreras, U.F. (2012). "A new species of "Eupatorium" (Asteraceae) from the Philippines". Brittonia. 64: 368–373. doi:10.1007/s12228-012-9249-x.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Eupatorium collinum". nomen.at.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Eupatorium collinum". Henriette's Herbal.
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  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J. (June 2004). "B. sordida". Flora of New Zealand (First electronic ed.). Landcare Research. Retrieved 2008-01-28.

Bibliography

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