European green toad

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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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(Laurenti, 1768)
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European green toad range
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Synonyms[1]
  • Bufo viridis
    Laurenti, 1768
  • Pseudepidalea viridis
    Darrel R. Frost et al., 2006

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A European Green Toad in nature

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The European green toad (Bufotes viridis) is a species of true toad found in steppes, mountainous areas, semi-deserts, urban areas and other habitats in mainland Europe, ranging from far eastern France and Denmark to the Balkans, European Russia and the Caucasus.[3] As historically defined, the species ranged east through the Middle East and Central Asia to western China, Mongolia and northwestern India, and south through Italy and the Mediterranean islands to North Africa.

Following genetic and morphological reviews, 14 populations (all largely or entirely Asian, except for the African and Balearic green toads) are now regarded as separate species. These species and the European green toad are placed in their own genus Bufotes, but they were included in Bufo.[4][5]

Description

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The spots on the back vary from green to dark brown and sometimes red spots appear, too. The underside is white or very lightly coloured. The European green toad will change colour in response to heat and light changes. Females are larger than males and can lay 9,000 to 15,000 eggs at a time.

Bufotes viridis tadpoles

It can reach a maximum size (head and body length) of 10 centimetres (3.9 in), but growth to this size is rare.[6]

Behavior

This species of toad is mainly nocturnal, although diurnal behaviors are sometimes recorded during parts of the year, especially in spring.[7] It loves warm summers with high water temperatures and in order to avoid the cold weather it hibernates during the winter. Its lifespan is 8-9 years in captivity and up to 7 years in the wild.[8]

Diet

Bufotes viridis eats a variety of insects and invertebrates, mainly crickets, meal worms, small butterflies, earthworms, moths, beetles, ants, spiders[9] and caterpillars. There has also been a reported attack on a bat.[10]

Defense mechanism

The European green toad has the ability to secrete defensive toxins from its parotoid glands and these toxins are effective enough to kill most of the toad's predators. They are harmless to humans when contact is made with the skin.[7]

References

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  1. ^ "Bufotes viridis ". Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia.
  2. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Green Toad (Bufotes viridis)". Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dufresnes, C.; et al. (2019). "Fifteen shades of green: The evolution of Bufotes toads revisited". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 141 106615. Bibcode:2019MolPE.14106615D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106615. PMID 31520778. S2CID 202573454.
  5. ^ Template:BioRef
  6. ^ Arnold EN, Burton JA (1978). A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe. London: Collins. 272 pp. Template:ISBN. (Bufo viridis, p. 74 + Plate 8 + Map 33).
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Bufotes viridis - hepretofauna.gr". www.herpetofauna.gr (in Ελληνικά). 16 December 2024. Archived from the original on 11 February 2025. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."European green toad- Skansen". www.skansen.se. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AmphibiaWeb - Bufotes viridis". Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mikula P (2015). "Fish and amphibians as bat predators". European Journal of Ecology. 1 (1): 71–80. doi:10.1515/eje-2015-0010.

Further reading

  • Laurenti JN (1768). Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austriacorum. Vienna: "Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern". 214 pp. + Plates I–V. (Bufo viridis, new species, p. 27 + Plate I, figure 1). (in Latin).

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