Fangxiang
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about".
Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Drawing of Chinese fangxiang | |
| Metal | |
|---|---|
| Classification | metallophone |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 111.222 (Percussion) |
| Developed | 502—557 (Liang dynasty) |
| Related instruments | |
| banghyang, Template:Tlit (kanji: Script error: No such module "Lang".).[1] | |
The fangxiang (also fang xiang, fang hsiang; simplified Chinese: 方响; traditional Chinese: 方響; pinyin: fāngxiǎng; also known in the West as the Chinese chang[2]) is an organized-suspended (bianxuan) Chinese metallophone that has been used for over 1,000 years. It was first used in the Liang dynasty (502—557 CE), and then standardized in the Sui and Tang dynasties mostly for court music.[3]
Construction and design
A fangxiang consists of 16 tuned rectangular iron, bronze, or jade tuned slabs with 16 different chromatic pitches, laid in a frame in two rows.[3] The slabs are struck with a hammer and played melodically. Unlike the metallophone today, Chinese changed the thickness of the metal plates to obtain different pitches.[4] Each of the slabs is of the same length and width but they are of graduated thickness, with the thicker slabs producing lower tones and the thinner slabs producing higher tones.[5][1] The method of playing is to beat with a Template:Tlit (hangul: Script error: No such module "Lang"., hanja: Script error: No such module "Lang".) in both hands.[6]
History
In ancient times, the Template:Tlit was a popular instrument in Chinese court music. It was introduced to Korea, where it is called Template:Tlit (hangul: Script error: No such module "Lang".; hanja: Script error: No such module "Lang".) and is still used in the court music of Korea. A similar instrument used in Japan is called Template:Tlit (kanji: Script error: No such module "Lang".).[1] The Template:Tlit first appeared in China in the Liang dynasty, one of the Northern and Southern dynasties (502–557). During the Sui and Tang dynasties (581–840), the instrument became a popular court instrument. There were many famous Template:Tlit performers at that time, including Xianqi Ma and Bing Wu. Also at that time, many poets created sets of lyrics intended to be accompanied by Template:Tlit.[citation needed]
Here are two Tang-era poems about the Template:Tlit:
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Fangxiang Song (Fangxiang Ge)
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- by Li Yan (Tang dynasty)
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Fangxiang
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- by Lu Guimeng (Tang dynasty, ?-881)
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".
Music contribution
In the 1980s, the Template:Tlit was expanded to include 51 keys. The keys were arranged based on 12-tone equal temperament and double scale arrangement. On the top lane, it is the C# scale, and on the bottom lane it is the C major scale ranging from f to C4. The shelf used for holding those keys can rise up and fall down for the convenience of performing.[citation needed] The new design of the Template:Tlit sounds clear and melodious, and it is really good for accompaniments in the Chinese traditional orchestra music. For example, in the music "The Great Wall Capriccio",[7] it is used to sound like a bell.
International development
The Template:Tlit was used by the American composer Lou Harrison in his Music for Violin with Various Instruments: European, Asian and African (1967, revised 1969). Harrison had taken research trips to Japan and South Korea (1961) and Taiwan (1962).[1]
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ a b c d "Fangxiang (方响)." – China Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2013. <Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Fangxiang (方响) - China culture". Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2013-09-17.>.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scholes, Percy. The Oxford Companion To Music (1956 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 481.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thrasher, Alan (2000). Chinese Musical Instruments. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 16. ISBN 0-19--590777-9.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Marching to the beat of a Chinese drum". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
- ^ The Grove dictionary of musical instruments - Vol.2 Pag.262 "Fangxiang"
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.방향(方響) – 한국민족문화대백과사전. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wong On-yuen, Chen Tscheng-hsiung, and China Central National Orchestra (1994). The World of Wong On-yuen's Hu Qin Music Vol.10 – Concerto for Erhu "The Great Wall Capriccio" (MP3). Linfair Records / R2G Music. ASIN B005M1DUPE.
External links
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.
