Pterygota

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Pterygota (/ˌtɛrəˈɡoʊtə/ Script error: No such module "Respell".[2] Template:Langx) is a subclass of insects that includes all winged insects and groups which lost them secondarily.[3]

Pterygota group comprises 99.9% of all insects.[4] The orders not included are the Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and the Zygentoma (silverfishes and firebrats), two primitively wingless insect orders. Unlike Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, the pterygotes do not have styli or vesicles on their abdomen (also absent in some zygentomans), and with the exception of the majority of mayflies, are also missing the median terminal filament which is present in the ancestrally wingless insects.[5][6][7]

The oldest known representatives of the group appeared during the mid-Carboniferous, around 328–324 million years ago, and the group subsequently underwent rapid diversification. Claims that they originated substantially earlier during the Silurian or Devonian based on molecular clock estimates are unlikely based on the fossil record, and are likely analytical artefacts.[8]

Systematics

Traditionally, this group was divided into the infraclasses Paleoptera and Neoptera.[9] The former are nowadays strongly suspected of being paraphyletic, and better treatments (such as dividing or dissolving the group) are presently being discussed[citation needed]. In addition, it is not clear how exactly the neopterans are related among each other. The Exopterygota might be a similar assemblage of rather ancient hemimetabolous insects among the Neoptera like the Palaeoptera are among insects as a whole. The holometabolous Endopterygota seem to be very close relatives, indeed, but nonetheless appear to contain several clades of related orders, the status of which is not agreed upon.[citation needed]

The following scheme uses finer divisions than the one above, which is not well-suited to correctly accommodating the fossil groups.

Classification

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gegenbaur, C (1878). Grundriss der vergleichenden Anatomie. Zweite verbesserte Auflage (in Deutsch). Vol. 2nd ed. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. p. 244.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pterygota". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vincent H. Resh; Ring T. Cardé (4 April 2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-08-054605-6.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Evolution and Genetics of Migration in Insects".
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weyda, František (25 June 1988). "Coxal Setal Organs in Archaeognatha and Zygentoma (Insecta)". In Hník, Pavel; Soukup, Tomáš; Vejsada, Richard; Zelená, Jiřina (eds.). Mechanoreceptors: Development, Structure, and Function. Springer US. pp. 365–367. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0812-4_70. ISBN 978-1-4899-0814-8 – via Springer Link.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Drummond, F. H. (25 December 1953). "THE EVERSIBLE VESICLES OF CAMPODEA (THYSANURA)". Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology. 28 (10–12): 145–148. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1953.tb00643.x – via CrossRef.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (3 November 2014). The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-84615-5 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schachat, Sandra R; Goldstein, Paul Z; Desalle, Rob; Bobo, Dean M; Boyce, C Kevin; Payne, Jonathan L; Labandeira, Conrad C (2 February 2023). "Illusion of flight? Absence, evidence and the age of winged insects". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 138 (2): 143–168. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blac137. ISSN 0024-4066.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maddison, David (1 January 2002). "Pterygota Winged Insects". Tree of Life.

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