Neoptera
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Neoptera (Ancient Greek néos ("new") + pterón ("wing")) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.
Classification
The taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:[1][2]
- division Palaeoptera
- order Odonata
- order Agnatha (correct name: Ephemeroptera)
- †order Dictyoneuridea
- †order Megasecoptera
- †order Meganisoptera
- †order Protephemeroidea
- division Neoptera
- superorder Endopterygota
- order Coleoptera
- order Strepsiptera
- order Neuroptera
- order Raphidioptera
- order Megaloptera
- order Diptera
- order Mecoptera
- order Trichoptera
- order Lepidoptera
- order Hymenoptera
- subdivision Polyneoptera
- superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
- order Orthoptera
- order Plecoptera
- order Dermaptera
- order Embioptera
- order Phasmatodea
- superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pandictyoptera)
- superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
- subdivision Paraneoptera
- order Hemiptera
- suborder Auchenorrhyncha
- suborder Coleorrhyncha
- suborder Heteroptera
- suborder Sternorrhyncha
- order Hemiptera
- subdivision Oligoneoptera
- superorder Endopterygota
The order Thysanoptera originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera. Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:
- Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878
- Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890
- Metapterygota Börner 1909
- Odonata Fabricius 1793
- Neoptera Martynov 1923
Phylogeny
The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the cladogram, using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the Polyneoptera,[3] Johnson et al 2018 for the Paraneoptera (where Psocomorpha contains Phthiraptera),[4] and Kjer et al 2016 for the Holometabola.[5]
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Martynov, A. V. (1923). "О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых" [On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects]. Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922: 88–89.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Martynov, A. V. (1924). "О двух типах крыльев насекомых и их эволюции" [On the two types of insect wings and their evolution]. Russian Zoological Journal. 4 (1, 2): 155–185.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; et al. (February 2019). "Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (8): 3024–3029. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817794116. PMC 6386694. PMID 30642969.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Johnson, Kevin P.; Dietrich, Christopher H.; Friedrich, Frank; Beutel, Rolf G.; Wipfler, Benjamin; et al. (2018-12-11). "Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (50): 12775–12780. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815820115. PMC 6294958. PMID 30478043.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita; Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC 5014063. PMID 27558853.
External links
- Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons
- Template:Wikispecies-inline
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