Force B

Force B
Template:HMAS, part of the first Force B
Active	1940–1942
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	Template:Navy/core
Engagements	Battle of the Mediterranean Battle of Calabria Operation MB8 Battle of Cape Matapan Operation Judgement First Battle of Sirte Asiatic-Pacific Theater Indian Ocean raid
Commanders
Notable commanders	Bernard Rawlings Algernon Willis Andrew Cunningham Henry Pridham-Wippell

Force B was the name of several British Royal Navy forces during the Second World War. The term was used for collections of ships less than a fleet and for complicated operations in which several groups of ships were used, often for short periods, such as convoy operations, before the ships were dispersed.

Mediterranean

1940

Force B was first formed by the Mediterranean Fleet in July 1940. Comprising the battleship and five destroyers, it saw action at the Battle of Calabria under the command of Vice Admiral Andrew Cunningham. In November 1940, it was involved in Operation MB8, a complicated operation involving several forces with different but co-ordinated aims. During this period Force B comprised the cruisers and Template:HMAS and delivered reinforcements to Crete. The force sailed on 4 November with Convoy AN 6 en route to Greece, departing that evening to Crete, then heading north to join Force C (the cruiser ) at Pireaus. From there the combined force under the command of Vice Admiral Henry Pridham-Wippell moved east into the Straits of Otranto to divert the Italian Fleet whilst the balance of the British forces attacked the port of Taranto in the Battle of Taranto (Operation Judgement). Whilst in the straits, the cruisers fought the Action in the Strait of Otranto after they intercepted and sank an Italian convoy of four ships.

1941

File:ISS-47 Middle East.jpg

Photograph of the eastern Mediterranean Middle East from the International Space Station

In March 1941, again under Pridham-Whippell, Ajax and the cruisers Orion, and Template:HMAS formed Force B in an operation to bring the Italian fleet to battle, resulting in the Battle of Cape Matapan. In June, Force B was re-formed to assist Allied forces in the Syria–Lebanon Campaign with Ajax, Phoebe and four destroyers. During this period, ships of the force were engaged by Vichy submarine , which was damaged in a two-hour hunt and the destroyers (Cheetah) and , which left the destroyer Janus badly damaged.

In November, Force B (Rear Admiral Bernard Rawlings), comprising Ajax, and the destroyers and was moved to Malta to reinforce the ships of Force K and to carry out offensive sweeps against Axis supply ships en route to Libya. On 19 December, after taking part in conveying a supply ship into Malta in Operation MD8, which had led to the First Battle of Sirte, Force B was deployed to find the Italian convoy encountered in that engagement but fell foul of a minefield off Tripoli, resulting in the loss of Neptune and Kandahar and damage to two other ships. After this, forces B and K were withdrawn from Malta.

Indian Ocean

1942

With the outbreak of war in the Pacific and the advance of the Japanese on Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, British naval forces in the Far east were forced to retreat, first to Java, then to Trincomalee in Ceylon. In March 1942, Admiral James Somerville took command of a force of 29 warships, many approaching obsolescence. To remedy this deficiency he divided his ships into fast and slow divisions, Force A and Force B respectively. This Force B (Rear Admiral Algernon Willis) comprised four First World War-vintage s, the light carrier , the cruisers and and destroyers , , and . The ships were joined by Dutch cruiser Template:HNLMS and destroyer Template:HNLMS and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) destroyers Template:HMAS and Template:HMAS.

This force was attacked during the Japanese Indian Ocean raid and on 9 April Hermes and Vampire were sunk by aircraft from the Japanese carrier strike force (Mobile Strike Force). Force B was withdrawn to Kilindini, in British East Africa, where it was based until it could be reinforced. Force B's only big action, apart from escort duty was to support Operation Ironclad, the invasion of Vichy-held Madagascar, in May 1942. was attacked and damaged by Japanese midget submarines in Diego Suarez harbour.

See also

• Force H
• Force K
• Force Z

References

• Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (2002) [1998]. The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943. Rochester: Chatham. ISBN 978-1-86176-057-9.
• Roskill, S. W. (1957) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 881709135 – via Archive Foundation.
• Roskill, S. W. (1962) [1956]. The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Period of Balance. History of the Second World War. Vol. II. London: HMSO. OCLC 174453986 – via Archive Foundation.
• Simpson, Michael (1995). The Somerville Papers: Selections from the Private and Official correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Sir James Somerville G.C.B., G.B.E., D.S.O. London: Routledge for the Navy Record Society. ISBN 978-1-85928-207-6.