Forest thrush
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| Template:Taxon infoTemplate:Taxon italics Lafresnaye, 1844
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The forest thrush (Turdus lherminieri) is a Near Threatened species of bird in the family Turdidae, the thrushes and allies. It is found on four islands in the Lesser Antilles.[1][2]
Taxonomy and systematics
The forest thrush was originally described by Frédéric de Lafresnaye in 1844 as Turdus L'Iherminieri.[3] For a time it was placed in its own genus Cichlherminia. Following genetic studies published in the early 2000s that genus was merged into Turdus, restoring the species' original binomial (with modern spelling).[4]
The forest thrush has these four subspecies:[2]
- T. l. lherminieri Lafresnaye, 1844
- T. l. dominicensis (Lawrence, 1880)
- T. l. dorotheae (Wolters, 1980)
- T. l. sanctaeluciae (Scalter, PL, 1880)
Description
The forest thrush is 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 12 in) long and weighs about 100 g (3.5 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies T. l. lherminieri have a mostly warm brown head with thin white lines on the cheeks and ear coverts and a wide yellow eye-ring. Their upperparts, wings, and tail are also warm brown. Their underparts are whitish with buff-edged dark brown scallops. They have a yellow iris, bill, and legs and feet. Juveniles are slightly paler than adults with faint pale streaks on their upperparts and mottling rather than well-defined scallops on their underparts. Subspecies T. l. dominicensis is smaller than the nominate and has darker upperparts, a darker breast with smaller scallops, a white belly, and paler legs. T. l. dorotheae has rufous edges on the throat feathers and more white on the center of the breast feathers than the nominate. T. l. sanctaeluciae is smaller than the nominate with paler upperparts and larger, buffish, scallops on the breast.[4][5]
Distribution and habitat
Each subspecies of the forest thrush inhabits a different island in the Lesser Antilles. They are found thus:[2]
- T. l. lherminieri: Guadeloupe
- T. l. dominicensis: Dominica
- T. l. dorotheae: Montserrat
- T. l. sanctaeluciae: St. Lucia
The forest thrush inhabits tropical evergreen forest both primary and secondary. In elevation it ranges from sea level to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) though it is mostly found at mid- to upper elevations.[6][4] On Monserrat it favors mature mesic forests with a dense canopy.[7]
Behavior
Movement
The forest thrush is a year-round resident on each island but wanders widely to find food.[4]
Feeding
The forest thrush feeds on insects and berries. It forages at all levels of the forest.[4]
Breeding
The forest thrush breeds between April and July[4] or March to August[1]. It makes a bulky cup nest of moss and usually places it near the ground. The clutch is two or three greenish blue eggs.[4] The incubation period is about 14 days and fledging occurs 16 to 17 days after hatch.[1] Details of parental care are not known.[1][4]
Vocalization
The forest thrush usually sings from a hidden perch.[4] Its song is "[s]oft, musical, clear notes".[5] Its calls include a "sharp chuk or chuk-chuk".[4]
Status
The IUCN originally in 1988 assessed the forest thrush as being of Least Concern, in 1994 as Near Threatened, in 2000 as Vulnerable, and since 2019 again as Near Threatened. Its estimated population of at least 100,000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. Though deforestation and volcanic eruptions on Monserrat significantly reduced its population there it has rebounded to about 50% of its former abundance. The species is thought to be declining slowly on Guadeloupe but populations on Dominica and St. Lucia "are potentially in rapid decline". Minor threats include hunting, logging, and invasive species. Volcanic eruptions are considered a significant threat. Climate change-induced storms and flooding are a threat of unknown magnitude.[1][8] Subspecies T. l. sanctaeluciae is considered rare on St. Lucia; there is only one record in the twenty-first century.[5][1] The other three subspecies are considered uncommon.[5]
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g Template:Cite iucn
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (March 2025). "Thrushes". IOC World Bird List. v 15.1. Retrieved 25 January 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.de Lafresnaye, Frédéric (1844). "Description de quelques Oiseaux de la Guadeloupe". Revue zoologique (in Latin and French). Société cuvierienne: 167–169. Retrieved 11 February 2026.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Collar, N. (2020). Forest Thrush (Turdus lherminieri), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.forthr1.01 retrieved 11 February 2026
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garrido, Orlando; Keith, Allan; Raffaele, Herbert; Raffaele, Janis; Wiley, James (2003). Birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press. pp. 142–143. ISBN 0-691-11319-X. Retrieved 11 February 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. p. 508.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Parashuram, Devathi; Oppel, Steffen; Fenton, Calvin; James, Glenford; Daley, James; Gray, Gerard; Collar, Nigel J.; Dolman, Paul M. (2015). "The Forest Thrush Turdus lherminieri prefers mature mesic forest with dense canopy". Bird Conservation International. 25 (4): 503–513. doi:10.1017/s0959270914000495. ISSN 0959-2709.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jean-Pierre, Aurélie; Loranger-Merciris, G.; Saint-Louis, L. J.; Cézilly, F. (2023). "Factors affecting spatial occupancy and local abundance of the Forest Thrush, Turdus lherminieri, in Guadeloupe forests". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 69 (4). doi:10.1007/s10344-023-01698-8. ISSN 1612-4642.
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