Four Wheel Drive
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The Four Wheel Drive Auto Company, more often known as Four Wheel Drive (FWD), was a pioneering American company that developed and produced all-wheel drive vehicles. It was founded in 1909 in Clintonville, Wisconsin, as the Badger Four-Wheel Drive Auto Company by Otto Zachow and William Besserdich.[1] The first production facility was built in 1911 and was designed by architect Wallace W. DeLong of Appleton, Wisconsin.[2]
FWD renamed FWD Corporation and its associates Seagrave, Baker Aerialscope, and Almonte Fire Trucks were sold in 2003 to an investment group headed by former American LaFrance executive James Hebe. Today, the Seagrave Fire Apparatus group is a flagship company of ELB Capital Management.
History
Zachow and Besserdich developed and built their first successful four-wheel drive (4x4) car, the "Battleship", in 1908. Its success led to the founding of the company. "Badger" was dropped from the name in 1910.[1] Besserdich and Zachow's patented full time four wheel drive system combined a lockable center differential with double-Y constant velocity universal joints for steering. In modern terms the "Battleship" would be considered all wheel drive, as all FWD products featured full-time four wheel drive with a lockable center differential.
The success of the four-wheel drive in early military tests prompted the company to switch from cars to trucks. In 1916 the U.S. Army ordered 147 Model B three ton trucks for the Pancho Villa Expedition.[3] The U.S. Army ordered 15,000 FWD Model B three ton trucks as the "Truck, 3 ton, Model 1917" during World War I with over 14,000 actually delivered; additional orders came from the United Kingdom and Russia.[4] In two world wars, U.S. and allied armies depended on such four-wheel drive vehicles.[5] Numerous FWD model B trucks, both military and civilian, survive in working condition; a Model 1917 U.S. Army truck in working condition is on display at the Fort MacArthur Military Museum, San Pedro, Los Angeles, California.
Early FWD vehicles were made with a track width of Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.4 feet 8+1⁄2 inches (1.435 m) so they could quickly be used on a standard gauge railway line merely by changing the wheels.
The FWD Model B was produced under license by four additional manufacturers during World War I: Peerless Motor Company, Cleveland, Ohio; Kissel Motor Car Company, Hartford, Wisconsin; Premier Motor Corporation, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Mitchell Motor Car Company, Racine, Wisconsin.[6]
Three FWD Model B trucks were included in the 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy. According to 1st Lt. E. R. Jackson, the official Ordnance Department observer: "The three (3) Four Wheel Drive Trucks were, in general, the most satisfactory in the Convoy and of all of the various makes represented, the F.W.D.'s alone were able to pull through all of the bad, muddy, and sandy stretches of road in Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah and Nevada absolutely unaided." (emphasis in the original.)[7]
A Canadian subsidiary was set up in conjunction with Dominion Truck of Kitchener, Ontario by 1919.
A British subsidiary was set up at Slough in 1921. In 1926, the British FWD, also known as the Jeffery Quad, was produced with a larger 70 bhp engine.
A relationship with premier race car constructor Harry Miller resulted in the Four Wheel Drive Miller that competed successfully at the Indianapolis 500 in 1931 and later. This car was intended to demonstrate that the advantages FWD's lockable center differential were not limited to off-road driving. One example survives and has competed in premier vintage race car meets such as the Goodwood Festival of Speed. "The Last Great Miller" by Griffith Borgeson gives a complete history of this landmark car.
In 1932, AEC took a controlling interest in the British company and began to use more standard AEC components in the Slough-built vehicles. To distinguish these from imported U.S. FWD vehicles, they were marketed under the name Hardy. Production ceased about 1936, but AEC exploited its experience with all-wheel drive in its Second World War Matador (4x4) and Marshall (6x6) vehicles.
In 1939, the company formed a flight department. Their acquisition of a used Waco biplane would eventually evolve into North Central Airlines.
During the Second World War the Four Wheel Drive Model HAR-1, a 4-Ton, 4x4 Truck, was produced and delivered to the US-Army.[8] The US Army placed an order and between 7,000 and 9,000 were produced for them, although most of these were supplied to allies under Lend-Lease.[9]
In 1958, the company's name was changed to FWD Corporation.
In 1963, FWD acquired Seagrave Fire Apparatus who then moved from their old location in Columbus, Ohio, to their current location at FWD in Clintonville, Wisconsin. Many tower ladders in the 1990s using Seagrave chassis were branded as FWD. They used Baker Aerialscopes for the boom which FWD had also acquired over the years along with Almonte Fire Trucks.
Randolph Lenz, chairman of FWD's parent company, Corsta Corp., became embroiled in a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation suit, and in 2003 all assets of FWD, FWD Corporation, Seagrave, Baker Aerialscope, and Almonte Fire Trucks were sold to an investment group headed by former American LaFrance executive James Hebe. Today, the Seagrave Fire Apparatus group is a flagship company of ELB Capital Management.
| Year | Production | Model |
|---|---|---|
| 1911 | A | |
| 1912 | A | |
| 1913 | ||
| 1914 [10] | 26 | G, B |
| 1915 | 552 | G, B, M |
| 1916 | 978 | B |
| 1917 | 2,035 | B |
| 1918 | 12,185 | B |
| 1919 | 9,556 | B |
| 1920 [11] | 350 | B |
| 1921 | 121 | B |
| 1922 [12] | 62 | B |
| 1923 | 34 | B, Road builder |
| 1924 | 119 | B, Rd. builder |
| 1925 | 159 | B, Rd. builder |
| 1926 | B, BF, BU, BD, BFU, BFD, M, MF, MFD, H | |
| 1927 | B, BF, BU, BD, BFU, BFD, M, MF, MFD, H | |
| 1928 | H, B, BF, Utility, BD, BFU, BFD, M, MF, MFD, MU, H | |
| 1929 | ||
| 1930 | ||
| 1931 | ||
| 1932 | ||
| 1933 | ||
| 1934 | ||
| 1935 | ||
| 1939 | ||
| 1941 | ||
| 1945 | ||
| 1946 | 1,644 | |
| 1947 | 2,103 | |
| 1948 | 1,009 | |
| 1949 | 505 | |
| 1950 | 713 | |
| 1951 | 2,197 | |
| 1952 | 2,902 | |
| 1953 | 2,425 | |
| 1954 | 857 | |
| 1955 | 1,011 | |
| 1956 | 1,645 | |
| 1957 | 1,073 | |
| 1958 | 1,227 | |
| 1959 | 1,067 | |
| 1960 | 881 | |
| 1967 | ||
| 1968 | ||
| 1970 | ||
| 1985 | ||
| 1986 |
Data from List of American truck manufacturers
See also
- G-numbers (SNL G174)
- Luella Bates (first licensed woman truck driver employed by the Four Wheel Drive Auto Co. 1918–1922)
References
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- ^ a b Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945, pp. 210-14.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Machinery and Tool Manufacture". Industrial World. 45 (1): 299. March 6, 1911 – via Google Books.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Karolevitz, Robert (1967). This Was Trucking: A Pictorial History of the First Quarter Century of the Trucking Industry. Seattle: Superior Publishing Company. p. 100. ISBN 0-87564-524-0.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."FWD Model B". Military Factory. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
- ^ Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945, pp. 212-14.
- ^ Karolevitz, p.100
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jackson, E. R. (October 31, 1919). "Report of the First Transcontinental Motor Convoy". U.S. War Department. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Ordnance Department Tank, Truck and Trailer Division: 15.
- ^ TM 9-815 4-Ton Truck, 4x4 (Four Wheel Drive Model HAR-1), 1943, online
- ^ Georgano, G. N. (1994). World War Two Military Vehicles: Transport & Halftracks. London: Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-406-7, pp. 139–140.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."truck production 1914-1924". Branham automobile reference book, showing in illustrated form the location of motor and serial numbers on all passenger cars and trucks 1924-1925. 1925-01-01. Retrieved 2026-05-29.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."truck production 1920-1926". Branham automobile reference book, showing in illustrated form the location of motor and serial numbers on all passenger cars and trucks 1927. 1927-01-01. Retrieved 2026-05-29.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."truck production 1922-1928". Branham automobile reference book, showing in illustrated form the location of motor and serial numbers on all passenger cars and trucks 1929. 1929-01-01. Retrieved 2026-05-29.
External links
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- http://www.eliason-snowmobile.com/ Early product
- https://archive.org/details/americasmunitio01deptgoog Early vehicles
- http://www.landships.freeservers.com/new_pages/fwd_truck_info.htm Liberty truck
- http://www.mace-b.com/38TMW/Missiles/MM-1.htm Teracruzer
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