Four hu
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Template:Short description Template:IPA notice The four hu (Template:Zh) are a traditional way of classifying syllable finals of Mandarin dialects, including Standard Chinese, based on different glides before the central vowel of the final. They are[1][2]
- kāikǒu (Script error: No such module "Lang"., "open mouth"), finals without a medial
- qíchǐ (Script error: No such module "Lang"., "even teeth"), finals beginning with [i]
- hékǒu (Script error: No such module "Lang"., "closed mouth"), finals beginning with [u]
- cuōkǒu (Script error: No such module "Lang"., "round mouth"), finals beginning with [y]
The terms kāikǒu and hékǒu come from the Song dynasty rime tables describing Middle Chinese.[3] The Qing phonologist Pan Lei divided each of these categories in two based on the absence or presence of palatalization, and named the two new categories.[4]
This traditional classification is reflected in the bopomofo notation for the finals, but less directly in the pinyin:[a]
| Kāikǒu | Qíchǐ | Hékǒu | Cuōkǒu | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | |||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄚ | a | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄧㄚ | ia | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄨㄚ | ua | ||||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄜ | e | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄧㄝ | ie | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄨㄛ | uo[b] | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄩㄝ | üe[c] | |||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄭ | -i | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄧ | i | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄨ | u | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄩ | ü[c] | |||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄞ | ai | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄨㄞ | uai | |||||||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄟ | ei | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄨㄟ | wei/-ui | |||||||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄠ | ao | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄧㄠ | iao | |||||||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄡ | ou | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄧㄡ | you/-iu | |||||||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄢ | an | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄧㄢ | ian | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄨㄢ | uan | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄩㄢ | üan[c] | |||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄣ | en | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄧㄣ | in | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄨㄣ | wen/-un | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄩㄣ | ün[c] | |||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄤ | ang | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄧㄤ | iang | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄨㄤ | uang | ||||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄥ | eng | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄧㄥ | ing | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄨㄥ | weng/-ong | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄩㄥ | iong | |||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ㄦ | er | ||||||||||||
Notes
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ IPA of vowels from Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt
- ^ uo is spelled as o after b, p, m and f.
- ^ a b c d ü is spelled as u after j, q, x and y.
References
- Citations
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984). Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8.
- ^ Norman (1988), p. 32.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1999). "Traditional Chinese phonology" (PDF). Asia Major. Third series. 12 (2): 101–137. JSTOR 41645549. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-23. Retrieved 2015-11-15. pp 128–129.
- Works cited
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003). "Standard Chinese (Beijing)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (1): 109–112. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Duanmu, San (2007). The Phonology of Standard Chinese (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007). The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
