Fringilla

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The genus Fringilla, also known as chaffinches, is a small group of eight species of finches from the Old World. It is the only genus in the subfamily Fringillinae.

Taxonomy

The genus Fringilla was described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[1] The genus name Fringilla is Latin for "finch".[2] Linnaeus included 30 species in the genus (Fringilla zena was listed twice) and of these the Eurasian chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) is considered as the type species.[3]

Species

By the early 20th century, the genus was considered to include just three species, with the other species included by Linnaeus transferred to other genera. In 2016, it was proposed that the extremely rare Gran Canaria blue chaffinch subspecies F. teydea polatzeki be treated as a separate species, thus accepting a fourth species, F. polatzeki.[4][5]

A major genetic, morphological, and behavioural study in 2021 then divided the former common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs sensu lato) into five species,[6] so the genus is now accepted as containing eight species:[7]

Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
File:Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs).jpg Fringilla coelebs Eurasian chaffinch Europe, across Asia to western Siberia; migrating south in winter to north Africa and northern India
File:African Chaffinch (Fringilla spodiogenys) male Morocco.jpg Fringilla spodiogenys African chaffinch Northwestern Africa; nonmigratory
File:Açores 452A1626 (35867036050).jpg Fringilla moreletti Azores chaffinch Azores; nonmigratory
File:FringillaCoelebsMadeirensis 3749.jpg Fringilla maderensis Madeira chaffinch Madeira; nonmigratory
File:Fringilla coelebs palmae - Los Tilos.jpg Fringilla canariensis Canary Islands chaffinch Canary Islands; nonmigratory
File:Pinzón azul de Gran Canaria (macho), M. A. Peña.jpg Fringilla polatzeki Gran Canaria blue chaffinch Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands; nonmigratory
File:Teidefink.jpg Fringilla teydea Tenerife blue chaffinch Tenerife in the Canary Islands; nonmigratory
File:Fringilla montifringilla Oulu 20120507b.JPG Fringilla montifringilla Brambling Northeastern Europe and northern Asia, migrating west and south in winter to western Europe, north Africa, northern India, northern Pakistan, China, and Japan

The Eurasian chaffinch is found primarily in forest habitats, in Europe and western Asia; the other species formerly treated as subspecies of it occur in North Africa and Macaronesia; the blue chaffinches are island endemics; and the brambling breeds in the northern taiga and southern tundra of Eurasia.[8]

The eight species are all broadly similar size, 14–18 centimetres (5.5–7.1 in) in length, with brambling the smallest, and Tenerife blue chaffinch the largest; they are all similar in shape.[9][8] They have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings.[10] They are not as specialised as other finches, eating both insects and seeds. While breeding, they feed their young on insects rather than seeds, unlike other finches.[8]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 179.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 203.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sangster, G.; Rodríguez-Godoy, F.; Roselaar, C.S.; Robb, M.S.; Luksenburg, J.A. (2016). "Integrative taxonomy reveals Europe's rarest songbird species, the Gran Canaria blue chaffinch Fringilla polatzeki". Journal of Avian Biology. 47 (2): 159–166. doi:10.1111/jav.00825.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Rarest Songbird in Europe". Wildlife Articles. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Recuerda, María; Illera, Juan Carlos; Blanco, Guillermo; Zardoya, Rafael; Milá, Borja (2021). "Sequential colonization of oceanic archipelagos led to a species-level radiation in the common chaffinch complex (Aves: Fringilla coelebs)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 164 107291. Bibcode:2021MolPE.16407291R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107291. hdl:10261/250227. PMID 34384903.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Finches, euphonias, longspurs, Thrush-tanager". IOC World Bird List – Version 14.2. 2025-02-20. Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  8. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Newton, Ian (1973). Finches. New Naturalist 55. New York: Taplinger. pp. 19–30. ISBN 0-8008-2720-1.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shirihai, Hadoram; Svensson, Lars (2019). Handbook of Western Palearctic birds. volume 2: Passerines: flycatchers to buntings. London Oxford New York New Delhi Sydney: Helm. pp. 353–363. ISBN 978-1-4729-3737-7.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1993). Finches and Sparrows. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03424-9.

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