Gac

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Exterior and cross-sectional interior of gac
Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Gac, from the Vietnamese Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".), scientific name Momordica cochinchinensis, is a species of plant in the melon and cucumber family Cucurbitaceae native to countries throughout Southeast Asia and to Queensland, Australia. It is notable for its vivid orange-reddish color resulting from a mix of beta-carotene and lycopene.

Description

Momordica cochinchinensis is a perennial tendril climber that may reach up to 15 metres (50 feet) long and a stem diameter up to Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.four centimetres (1+1⁄2 inches).[2]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript The palmate leaves have 3 to 5 lobes and are carried on a petiole (leaf stem) measuring Template:Cvt long.[2]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript They are arranged alternately on the stems and measure up to Template:Cvt wide and long.[2]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript

This species is dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. The inflorescence on a male plant consists of either a solitary flower or a raceme up to Template:Cvt long, while female flowers are solitary.[2]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript All flower buds are fully enclosed by bracts, which split open as the flower matures.[4]Template:R/superscript[6]Template:R/superscript The mature flowers have five yellowish petals and a black centre.[6]Template:R/superscript

The fruit are ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, about Template:Cvt long by Template:Cvt diameter, and are covered with numerous small spines on the skin.[2]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript[6]Template:R/superscript They are initially green but turn a deep orange/red at maturity, and they contain numerous irregularly-shaped brown or grey seeds, which are enclosed in a bright red aril.[2]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript[6]Template:R/superscript

Phenology

In the northern hemisphere this species flowers from June to August and fruit appear around August to October.[3]Template:R/superscript In Australia, flowering occurs from December to January and fruit appear from February to April.[7]Template:R/superscript

Phytochemistry

The fruit, seeds, and seed oil contain substantial amounts of beta-carotene and lycopene, which collectively impart the characteristic red-orange color to the fruit's tissues.[8][9][10][11] Both aril and seeds are rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids,[12] with oil containing 69% unsaturated fats, including 35% as polyunsaturated fats.[11] Gac has a high concentration of linoleic acid (omega-6) and omega-3 fatty acids.[12]

Taxonomy

This species was first described in 1790 by the Portuguese botanist João de Loureiro, who published it in his book Flora cochinchinensis. Loureiro gave this plant the combination Muricia cochinchinensis and noted that it was found in "Cochinchinâ, & Chinâ."[13]Template:R/superscript In 1826 the German botanist Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel transferred the species to the genus Momordica.[14]Template:R/superscript

Etymology

The genus name Momordica is derived from the Latin word mordeo meaning to bite, a reference to the seeds' appearance as though chewed.[7]Template:R/superscript The species epithet cochinchinensis means "from Cochinchina", the region in the southern part of Vietnam where the plant was first observed by Loureiro.[7]Template:R/superscript[15]Template:R/superscript

Common names

As this plant is native to many countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region, it has a diverse number of common names including: bhat kerala (Assamese), mu bie gua, mu bie zi and teng tong (Chinese), balsam pear, Chinese cucumber, and giant spiny gourd (English), kakur, kantola and kakrol (Hindi), tepurang (Indonesian), mokube tsushi (Japanese), makkao (Khmer), khaawz (Laotian), pupia, teruah and torobuk (Malay), jhuse karelaa (Nepalese), pakurebu (Sulawesi), buyok buyok (Tagalog), phak khao (Thai), and gac (Vietnamese).[4]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript[17]Template:R/superscript

Cultivation

As gac plant is dioecious, both male and female plants are needed; hence, farmers must have at least one corresponding male plant growing in or around the gardens for the fruit-bearing female plants to be pollinated. When grown from seed, the ratio of male to female plants is unpredictable.[18]

Pollination may be facilitated by insects, but hand pollination allows for better fruit yield. An alternative method is to graft female material onto the main shoot of a male plant.[19]

For maximum insect-aided pollination, the recommended ratio is about 1 male for every 10 female plants.[18] If propagating from vines, farmers make diagonal cut (around 15–20 cm or 6–8 in long and Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.3–6 mm or 1⁄8–1⁄4 in wide), then root the tubers in water or well-aerated, moist potting media before planting.[18]

Apart from Southeast Asian countries where the fruits are native, gac can be grown in sub-tropical climate regions.[17] Cool temperatures inhibit growth.[18]

Uses

Gac has been commonly used in its native countries, mainly as food and traditional medicine. Its use as a folk medicine dates back over centuries in China and Vietnam.[20]Template:R/superscript Gac seeds, known as Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (meaning 'wooden turtle seed'), are used for a variety of internal and topical purposes in traditional medicine.[21]

The aril surrounding gac seeds when the fruits are ripe is cooked with sticky rice to make Script error: No such module "Lang"., a traditional Vietnamese dish with a striking red color that is served during Tết (Lunar New Year), as well as other special occasions. In Sri Lanka, gac is used in curry, and in Thailand, it is served with ice cream.[22] Additionally, the unripe green fruit is eaten in some parts of India and the Philippines.[23] The spiny skin is removed and the fruits are sliced and cooked sometimes with potato or bottle gourd. In the Philippines, it is particularly common in the far northern province of Ilocos Norte, where it is called by several names: sugod-sugod, parog-parog, and libas. There, the unripe fruits are commonly added as a vegetable in dinengdeng, pinakbet, and, alongside its young shoots blanched, ginisa.

Due to the high contents of beta-carotene and lycopene, extracts from the fruit's arils are used to manufacture dietary supplements or are sometimes mixed into food and drink as a food dye.[24][failed verification]

References

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  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Telford, I.R.H. (2022). "Momordica cochinchinensis". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng". Flora of China (eFloras). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Momordica cochinchinensis". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Momordica cochinchinensis". Flora Malesiana. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Slik, J.W.F. "Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 14 (1826)". Plants of Southeast Asia. Ferry Slik. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 140. ISBN 978-0958174213.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mai, H. C.; Truong, V; Debaste, F (2014). "Carotenoids concentration of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) fruit oil using cross-flow filtration technology". Journal of Food Science. 79 (11): E2222–31. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12661. PMID 25367308.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maoka, T; Yamano, Y; Wada, A; et al. (2015). "Oxidative metabolites of lycopene and γ-carotene in gac (Momordica cochinchinensis)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 63 (5): 1622–30. Bibcode:2015JAFC...63.1622M. doi:10.1021/jf505008d. PMID 25633727.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wimalasiri, Dilani; Brkljača, Robert; Piva, Terrence J.; et al. (2017). "Comparative analysis of carotenoid content in Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) collected from Australia, Thailand and Vietnam". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 54 (9): 2814–2824. doi:10.1007/s13197-017-2719-0. ISSN 0022-1155. PMC 5583111. PMID 28928521.
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vuong, LT; King, JC (June 2003). "A method of preserving and testing the acceptability of gac fruit oil, a good source of beta-carotene and essential fatty acids". Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 24 (2): 224–230. doi:10.1177/156482650302400209. ISSN 0379-5721. PMID 12891827. S2CID 7515533.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ishida, Betty; Turner, Charlotta; Chapman, Mary; A McKeon, Thomas (2004). "Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) fruit". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52 (2): 274–9. Bibcode:2004JAFC...52..274I. doi:10.1021/jf030616i. PMID 14733508.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Loureiro, João de (1790). Flora cochinchinensis. Vol. 2. p. 596. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim, ed. (1826). Systema vegetabilium Ed. 17. Vol. 3. p. 14. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vuong, Le Thuy; Franke, Adrian A.; Custer, Laurie J.; Murphy, Suzanne P. (2006). "Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. (gac) fruit carotenoids reevaluated". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 19 (6–7): 664–668. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2005.02.001. ISSN 0889-1575.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sorting Momorcodia names". Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. The University of Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  17. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng". GRIN-Global. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  18. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Parks, Sophie; Murray, Carly; Gale, David; et al. (2013). "Propagation and production of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.), A greenhouse case study". Experimental Agriculture. 49 (2): 234–243. doi:10.1017/S0014479712001081. S2CID 86531219.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Propagation and cultivation of Gac plant". Gac Research
    University of Newcastle, Australia    . Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Researchers use nature to fight cancer". Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics. James Cook University. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chuyen, Hoang; Nguyen, Minh; Roach, Paul; et al. (Spring 2015). "Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Soreng,): a rich source of bioactive compounds and its potential health benefits". Food Science and Technology. 50 (3): 567–577. doi:10.1111/ijfs.12721.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RMIT researcher uncovers the exceptional health benefits of gac fruit". RMIT University Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tran, Xuan T.; Parks, Sophie E.; Roach, Paul D.; et al. (2015-10-06). "Effects of maturity on physicochemical properties of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.)". Food Science & Nutrition. 4 (2): 305–314. doi:10.1002/fsn3.291. ISSN 2048-7177. PMC 4779482. PMID 27004120.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Goodman, Lawrence (August 2015). "The Next Big Fruit Juice?". Brown Alumni Magazine. Archived from the original on 2026-04-05. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  • Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons

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