Kalina language

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Kalina
Galibi
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Venezuela: Script error: No such module "Lang".
French Guiana: Script error: No such module "Lang".
Suriname: Script error: No such module "Lang".
Guyana: Script error: No such module "Lang".
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PronunciationScript error: No such module "IPA".
Native toBrazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and Trinidad
Ethnicity[[Kalina people|KaliTemplate:Hamzana]]
Native speakers
(8,600 cited 2001–2012)Template:Ethnologue25 does not exist
Cariban
  • Guianan Carib
    • Kalina
Dialects
  • Tyrewuju (Suriname)
  • Aretyry (Suriname)
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-2Template:ISO 639-2
ISO 639-3car
Glottologgali1262
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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Ethnic KaliTemplate:Hamzana populations
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KariTemplate:Hamzaña is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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Kalina, also known as KariTemplate:Hamzana, Carib, and Galibi, is a Cariban language spoken by the Kalina people (Caribs) of South America. It is spoken by around 7,400 mostly in Brazil, The Guianas, and Venezuela. The language is currently classified as highly endangered,[1] as it is only spoken by elders.[2]

Names

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The language is known by several names to both its speakers and outsiders. Traditionally it has been known as "Carib" or "Carib proper" in English, after its speakers, being given the exonym "Caribs". The term Galibi, which originated as a pronunciation of Caribe, is also frequently used; for example Glottolog uses the name "Galibi Carib" for the Carib language, plus "Galibi-Marworno Creole French" for the variety of Karipúna Creole French as used by the Galibi Marworno, and "Galibi-based pidgin" for the family consisting of Joeka–Oajana pidgin and the extinct Pidgin Carib. The people are known as Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". in Portuguese, Script error: No such module "Lang". in Spanish, Script error: No such module "Lang". in French, and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Dutch. However, the speakers call themselves Script error: No such module "Lang". or Template:Wktl (variously spelled), and call their language Template:Wktl Script error: No such module "IPA"..[3] Spelling variants include Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".; other native names include Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Classification

Kariʼnja is classified as a Cariban language, in the Guianan Carib branch.[4] Kariʼnja is considered "Carib proper" because it exemplifies the core genetic features of the family, such as its complex pronominal prefix system and ergative-absolutive alignment.[5]

Geographic distribution

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Pidgin Carib
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RegionOyapock
Era17th – early 20th centuries
Carib-based pidgin
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Glottologpidg1256
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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Due to contact with Kariʼnja invaders, some languages have Kariʼnja words incorporated into them, despite being Arawakan languages linguistically.[6] A Carib-based lengua generale was once used in the old missions of the Oyapock and surrounding regions, apparently surviving at least along the Uaçá tributary into the 20th century.[7]

In Suriname, there is a village called Konomerume which is located near the Wajambo River. With about 349 people living there, a majority identify as ethnically Kariʼnja and the adults are reported to at least have a decent knowledge of it. Those above the age of 65 use the language as a primary language among the members of the community. Speakers between the ages of 45 and 65 tend to use the language only when speaking with older residents or elder members of their family, while for the most part using the official languages: Dutch and Sranan Tongo. Younger adults between the ages of 20 and 40 for the most part understand the language but do not speak it, and children learn bits about Kariʼnja in school.[8]

Dialects

Carib dialects (with number of speakers indicated in parentheses):[3]

  • Venezuelan Carib (1000)
  • Guyanese Carib (2000)
  • Western Surinamese Carib (500)
  • Eastern Surinamese and French Guianese Carib (3000)
    • Suriname has two dialects of Kariʼnja: Aretyry which is spoken in the west and central parts of the country, and Tyrewuju which is what the majority of Kariʼnja speakers in Suriname use.[1]

Phonology

In the Kariʼnja language, there are four syllable patterns: V, CV, VC, CVC; C standing for consonants while V means a vowel. Regarding phonemes, consonants are divided into two groups: obstruents (voiceless stops—p, t, k) and resonants (voiced stops—b, d, g, s).[9]

Kariʼnja has a typical six-vowel system after *ô merged with *o, being a e i o u ï. Compared to past Kariʼnja, modern-day Kariʼnja has replaced the e in many words with o.[6]

Consonants
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ ~ h
voiced b d ɡ
Fricative s
Tap/Flap ɾ
Semivowel w j
Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Mid e o
Open a

Allophones for Script error: No such module "IPA". include sounds as Script error: No such module "IPA".. Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA". may be pronounced as Script error: No such module "IPA".. Script error: No such module "IPA". before a consonant may be pronounced as Script error: No such module "IPA". and also Script error: No such module "IPA". elsewhere. Another sound, ranging Script error: No such module "IPA"., often occurs before a voiced or voiceless consonant, and succeeding a vowel, it can also be an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"..[9][3]

Alphabet

The Carib alphabet consists of 18 letters:

a, b, d, e, g, i, j, k, [[Template:Hamza]], m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y.

B, d, g are found after nasals for phonemic /p t k/.[3]

Grammar

There are 17 particles within Kariʼnja which include the ky- prefix and the -ng suffix.[10]

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Vocabulary

All four dialects of KariTemplate:Hamzanja have loan words from the primary language of the area (Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana). For example, the KariTemplate:Hamzanja spoken in Suriname borrows words from Dutch and Sranantongo.[1]

Examples

English Modern KariTemplate:Hamzanja
'two' Script error: No such module "IPA".
'stone' Script error: No such module "IPA".
'flea' Script error: No such module "IPA".
'mountain' Script error: No such module "IPA".
'axe' Script error: No such module "IPA".
'person' Script error: No such module "IPA".
'one that has been dug' Script error: No such module "IPA".
'one that has burnt' Script error: No such module "IPA".
'peccary/javelina' Script error: No such module "IPA".

Some of the words show instances in which the e has been replaced with o in present-day Kariʼnja.[6] The two statements beneath the singular words show examples of two suffixes.[11]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carlin, Eithne B.; Léglise, Isabelle; Migge, Bettina; Tjon Sie Fat, Paul B. (2014). In and Out of Suriname: Language, Mobility and Identity. Brill. ISBN 9789004280120.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Crevels, Mily (2012-01-13), Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (eds.), "Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking", The Indigenous Languages of South America, De Gruyter, pp. 167–234, doi:10.1515/9783110258035.167, ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3, retrieved 2025-03-14{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  3. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Courtz, Henk (2008). A Carib Grammar and Dictionary (PDF). Magoria Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0978170769. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Did you know Kariʼnja is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yamada, Racquel-Maria (September 2010). Speech community-based documentation, description, and revitalization: Kari'nja in Konomerume (Thesis). University of Oregon.
  6. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gildea, Spike (2010). "The Story of *ô in the Cariban Family" (PDF). In Berez, Andrea L.; Mulder, Jean; Rosenblum, Daisy (eds.). Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 91–123.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nimuendajú, Curt (1926). Die Palikur-Indianer und ihre Nachbarn (PDF). Göteborg: Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yamada, Racquel-María (2014). "Training in the Community-Collaborative Context: A Case Study" (PDF). Language Documentation & Conservation. 8: 326–344.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grimes, Joseph E., ed. (1972). Languages of the Guianas (PDF). Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yamada, Racquel-María (2011). "A New Approach to ky- and -ng in Kariʼnja: Evidentiality or Something Else?". International Journal of American Linguistics. 77 (1): 59–89. doi:10.1086/657328. S2CID 147144967.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Patient Nominalization > Passive in Panare and Ye'kwana (Cariban)" (PDF). voice-systems-workshop.wdfiles.com. Retrieved 2016-05-04.

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